Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Comparative Secretory Efficiency of Two Chitosanase Signal Peptides from Bacillus subtilis in Escherichia coli: Tae-Yang Eom, Yehui Gang, Youngdeuk Lee, Yoon-Hyeok Kang, Eunyoung Jo, Svini Dileepa Marasinghe, Heung Sik Park, Gun-Hoo Park, Chulhong Oh; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1155-1164. Published online November 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00186-1

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Abstract: The production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli is often challenged by cytoplasmic expression due to proteolytic degradation and inclusion body formation. Extracellular expression can overcome these problems by simplifying downstream processing and improving protein yields. This study aims to compare the efficiency of two Bacillus subtilis chitosanase signal peptides in mediating extracellular secretion in E. coli. We identified a naturally occurring mutant signal peptide (mCsn2-SP) from B. subtilis CH2 chitosanase (CH2CSN), which is characterized by a deletion of six amino acids in the N-region relative to the signal peptide (Csn1-SP) from B. subtilis CH1 chitosanase (CH1CSN). The CH1CSN and CH2CSN genes were cloned into the pET-11a vector and protein secretion was evaluated in E. coli BL21(DE3) host cells. Expression was induced with 0.1 mM and 1 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 30 °C for one and three days. CH2CSN showed higher secretion levels compared to CH1CSN under all experimental conditions, especially with 0.1 mM IPTG induction for 3 days, which resulted in a 2.37-fold increase in secretion. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that mCsn2-SP is capable of secreting human Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (hSOD) in E. coli BL21(DE3) and successfully translocating it to the periplasmic region. This study represents the inaugural investigation into the utilisation of a naturally modified signal peptide, thereby corroborating the assertion that signal peptide deletion variants can influence protein secretion efficiency. Furthermore, the findings substantiate the proposition that such variants can serve as a viable alternative for the secretion of heterologous proteins in E. coli.

Crystal structure of the phage-encoded N-acetyltransferase in complex with acetyl-CoA, revealing a novel dimeric arrangement: Nayeon Ki , Inseong Jo , Yongseong Hyun , Jinwook Lee , Nam-Chul Ha , Hyun-Myung Oh; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):746-755. Published online July 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2030-2

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Bacteriophages employ diverse mechanisms to facilitate the proliferation of bacteriophages. The Salmonella-infecting phage SPN3US contains a putative N-acetyltransferase, which is widely found in bacteriophages. However, due to low sequence similarity to the N-acetyltransferases from bacteria and eukaryotic cells, the structure and function of phage-encoded acetyltransferases are mainly unknown. This study determines the crystal structure of the putative N-acetyltransferase of SPN3US in complex with acetyl-CoA. The crystal structure showed a novel homodimeric arrangement stabilized by exchanging the C-terminal α-helix within the dimer. The following biochemical analyses suggested that the phageencoded acetyltransferase might have a very narrow substrate specificity. Further studies are required to reveal the biochemical activity, which would help elucidate the interaction between the phage and host bacteria in controlling pathogenic bacteria.

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Posttranslational modifications in bacteria during phage infection
Hannelore Longin, Nand Broeckaert, Vera van Noort, Rob Lavigne, Hanne Hendrix
Current Opinion in Microbiology.2024; 77: 102425. CrossRef

Mutational analysis on stable expression and LasB inhibition of LasB propeptide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Youngsun Shin , Xi-Hui Li , Cheol Seung Lee , Joon-Hee Lee; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):727-734. Published online May 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1671-5

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Abstract: Three major proteases, elastase B (LasB), protease IV (PIV), and elastase A (LasA) expressed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa play important roles in infections and pathogeneses. These are activated by a proteolytic cascade initiated by the activation of LasB. In this study, we investigated whether LasB could be inhibited using its propeptide (LasBpp). Although LasA and PIV were inhibited by their propeptides, LasB was not inhibited by purified LasBpp because LasB degraded LasBpp. To address this problem, mutant LasBpp variants were constructed to obtain a mutant LasBpp resistant to LasB degradation. A C-terminal deletion series of LasBpp was tested in vivo, and two positive candidates, T2 and T2-1, were selected. However, both caused growth retardation and were unstably expressed in vivo. Since deleting the C-terminal end of LasBpp significantly affected its stable expression, substitution mutations were introduced at the two amino acids near the truncation site of T2-1. The resulting mutants, LasBppE172D, LasBppG173A, and LasBppE172DG173A, significantly diminished LasB activity when overexpressed in vivo and were stably expressed in MW1, a quorum sensing mutant that does not produce LasB. In vitro analysis showed that purified LasBppE172DG173A inhibited LasB activity to a small extent. Summarizing, Cterminal modification of LasBpp profoundly affected the stable expression of LasBpp, and little enhanced the ability of LasBpp to resist degradation by LasB.

A mucin-responsive hybrid two-component system controls Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron colonization and gut homeostasis: Ju-Hyung Lee , Soo-Jeong Kwon , Ji-Yoon Han , Sang-Hyun Cho , Yong-Joon Cho , Joo-Hong Park; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):215-223. Published online February 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1649-3

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Abstract

The mammalian intestinal tract contains trillions of bacteria. However, the genetic factors that allow gut symbiotic bacteria to occupy intestinal niches remain poorly understood. Here, we identified genetic determinants required for Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron colonization in the gut using transposon sequencing analysis. Transposon insertion in BT2391, which encodes a hybrid two-component system, increased the competitive fitness of B. thetaiotaomicron. The BT2391 mutant showed a growth advantage in a mucin-dependent manner and had an increased ability to adhere to mucus-producing cell lines. The increased competitive advantage of the BT2391 mutant was dependent on the BT2392–2395 locus containing susCD homologs. Deletion of BT2391 led to changes in the expression levels of B. thetaiotaomicron genes during gut colonization. However, colonization of the BT2391 mutant promoted DSS colitis in low-fiber diet-fed mice. These results indicate that BT2391 contributes to a sustainable symbiotic relationship by maintaining a balance between mucosal colonization and gut homeostasis.

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Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum BFS1243 on a female frailty model induced by fecal microbiota transplantation in germ-free mice
Sashuang Dong, Qi Zeng, Weimin He, Wei Cheng, Ling Zhang, Ruimin Zhong, Wen He, Xiang Fang, Hong Wei
Food & Function.2024; 15(8): 3993. CrossRef
A conserved inhibitory interdomain interaction regulates DNA-binding activities of hybrid two-component systems in Bacteroides
Rong Gao, Ti Wu, Ann M. Stock, Michael T. Laub
mBio.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua prevent depression-like behaviors in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress through refining gut microbiota-lipopolysaccharide-paraventricular nucleus signal axis
Xinya Wang, Xueqing Wang, Feng Gao, Shaojie Yang, Yilan Zhen, Xuncui Wang, Guoqi Zhu
Heliyon.2024; 10(19): e38554. CrossRef
Metal Messengers: Communication in the Bacterial World through Transition-Metal-Sensing Two-Component Systems
Alexander Paredes, Chioma Iheacho, Aaron T. Smith
Biochemistry.2023; 62(16): 2339. CrossRef
Tang-Ping-San Decoction Remodel Intestinal Flora and Barrier to Ameliorate Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rodent Model
Wen Yin, Si-Qi Zhang, Wen-Lin Pang, Xiao-Jiao Chen, Jing Wen, Jiong Hou, Cui Wang, Li-Yun Song, Zhen-Ming Qiu, Peng-Tao Liang, Jia-Li Yuan, Zhong-Shan Yang, Yao Bian
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2022; Volume 15: 2563. CrossRef

Short-chain fatty acids inhibit the biofilm formation of Streptococcus gordonii through negative regulation of competence-stimulating peptide signaling pathway: Taehwan Park , Jintaek Im , A Reum Kim , Dongwook Lee , Sungho Jeong , Cheol-Heui Yun , Seung Hyun Han; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(12):1142-1149. Published online December 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1576-8

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Abstract

Streptococcus gordonii, a Gram-positive commensal bacterium, is an opportunistic pathogen closely related to initiation and progression of various oral diseases, such as periodontitis and dental caries. Its biofilm formation is linked with the development of such diseases by enhanced resistance against antimicrobial treatment or host immunity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the biofilm formation of S. gordonii. SCFAs, including sodium acetate (NaA), sodium propionate (NaP), and sodium butyrate (NaB), showed an effective inhibitory activity on the biofilm formation of S. gordonii without reduction in bacterial growth. SCFAs suppressed S. gordonii biofilm formation at early time points whereas SCFAs did not affect its preformed biofilm. A quorum-sensing system mediated by competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) is known to regulate biofilm formation of streptococci. Interestingly, SCFAs substantially decreased mRNA expression of comD and comE, which are CSP-sensor and its response regulator responsible for CSP pathway, respectively. Although S. gordonii biofilm formation was enhanced by exogenous synthetic CSP treatment, such effect was not observed in the presence of SCFAs. Collectively, these results suggest that SCFAs have an anti-biofilm activity on S. gordonii through inhibiting comD and comE expression which results in negative regulation of CSP quorum-sensing system. SCFAs could be an effective anti-biofilm agent against S. gordonii for the prevention of oral diseases.

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Potential effects of prebiotic fibers on dental caries: a systematic review
Constanza E. Fernández, Catalina Maturana‐Valenzuela, Nicol Rojas‐Castillo, Bob Rosier
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Serotype-Dependent Inhibition of Streptococcus pneumoniae Growth by Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Suwon Lim, Dongwook Lee, Sungho Jeong, Jeong Woo Park, Jintaek Im, Bokeum Choi, Donghyun Gwak, Cheol-Heui Yun, Ho Seong Seo, Seung Hyun Han
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024; 34(1): 47. CrossRef
Comprehensive Multi-Omic Evaluation of the Microbiota and Metabolites in the Colons of Diverse Swine Breeds
Yanbin Zhu, Guangming Sun, Yangji Cidan, Bin Shi, Zhankun Tan, Jian Zhang, Wangdui Basang
Animals.2024; 14(8): 1221. CrossRef
Recent progress in understanding the role of bacterial extracellular DNA: focus on dental biofilm
Fengxue Geng, Junchao Liu, Jinwen Liu, Ze Lu, Yaping Pan
Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2024; : 1. CrossRef
Effects of Epigallocatechin gallate on Biofilm adherence and Glycolytic pH in Streptococcus gordonii
Prawati Nuraini, Dimas Prasetianto Wicaksono, Ardianti Maartrina Dewi, Adinda Ayu Fitriana, Sili Han
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2024; : 4711. CrossRef
Oral Pathogens and Their Antibiotics from Marine Organisms: A Systematic Review of New Drugs for Novel Drug Targets
Sehyeok Im, Jun Hyuck Lee, Youn-Soo Shim
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2024; 24(2): 84. CrossRef
Effects of the gut microbiota and its metabolite short-chain fatty acids on endometriosis
Menghe Liu, Ru Peng, Chunfang Tian, Jianping Shi, Jiannan Ma, Ruiwen Shi, Xiao Qi, Rongwei Zhao, Haibin Guan
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Butyrate potentiates Enterococcus faecalis lipoteichoic acid-induced inflammasome activation via histone deacetylase inhibition
Ok-Jin Park, Ye-Eun Ha, Ju-Ri Sim, Dongwook Lee, Eun-Hye Lee, Sun-Young Kim, Cheol-Heui Yun, Seung Hyun Han
Cell Death Discovery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gut microbiota short-chain fatty acids and their impact on the host thyroid function and diseases
María José Mendoza-León, Ashutosh K. Mangalam, Alejandro Regaldiz, Enrique González-Madrid, Ma. Andreina Rangel-Ramírez, Oscar Álvarez-Mardonez, Omar P. Vallejos, Constanza Méndez, Susan M. Bueno, Felipe Melo-González, Yorley Duarte, Ma. Cecilia Opazo, Al
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Crosstalk between microbial biofilms in the gastrointestinal tract and chronic mucosa diseases
Yumeng Wang, Shixi Xu, Qiurong He, Kun Sun, Xiaowan Wang, Xiaorui Zhang, Yuqing Li, Jumei Zeng
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Listening to enteric bacteria from the perspective of antibiotic alternatives in animal husbandry
Leli Wang, Yiru Zhang, Juan Xu, Qingqing Shi, Yao Peng, Cimin Long, Lan Li, Yulong Yin
The Innovation Life.2023; 1(2): 100022. CrossRef
The Complicated Relationship of Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Oral Microbiome: A Narrative Review
Georgy E. Leonov, Yurgita R. Varaeva, Elena N. Livantsova, Antonina V. Starodubova
Biomedicines.2023; 11(10): 2749. CrossRef
Social networking at the microbiome-host interface
Richard J. Lamont, George Hajishengallis, Hyun Koo, Anthony R. Richardson
Infection and Immunity.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Making Sense of Quorum Sensing at the Intestinal Mucosal Interface
Friederike Uhlig, Niall P. Hyland
Cells.2022; 11(11): 1734. CrossRef
Food-Grade Bacteria Combat Pathogens by Blocking AHL-Mediated Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation
Kirsi Savijoki, Paola San-Martin-Galindo, Katriina Pitkänen, Minnamari Edelmann, Annika Sillanpää, Cim van der Velde, Ilkka Miettinen, Jayendra Z. Patel, Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma, Mataleena Parikka, Adyary Fallarero, Pekka Varmanen
Foods.2022; 12(1): 90. CrossRef
Innate immunity and microbial dysbiosis in hidradenitis suppurativa – vicious cycle of chronic inflammation
Divya Chopra, Rachel A. Arens, Watcharee Amornpairoj, Michelle A. Lowes, Marjana Tomic-Canic, Natasa Strbo, Hadar Lev-Tov, Irena Pastar
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Drugs for the Quorum Sensing Inhibition of Oral Biofilm: New Frontiers and Insights in the Treatment of Periodontitis
Alessandro Polizzi, Martina Donzella, Giada Nicolosi, Simona Santonocito, Paolo Pesce, Gaetano Isola
Pharmaceutics.2022; 14(12): 2740. CrossRef

Regulator of ribonuclease activity modulates the pathogenicity of Vibrio vulnificus: Jaejin Lee , Eunkyoung Shin , Jaeyeong Park , Minho Lee , Kangseok Lee; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(12):1133-1141. Published online November 9, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1518-5

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Abstract

RraA, a protein regulator of RNase E activity, plays a unique role in modulating the mRNA abundance in Escherichia coli. The marine pathogenic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus also possesses homologs of RNase E (VvRNase E) and RraA (VvRraA1 and VvRraA2). However, their physiological roles have not yet been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that VvRraA1 expression levels affect the pathogenicity of V. vulnificus. Compared to the wild-type strain, the VvrraA1-deleted strain (ΔVvrraA1) showed decreased motility, invasiveness, biofilm formation ability as well as virulence in mice; these phenotypic changes of ΔVvrraA1 were restored by the exogenous expression of VvrraA1. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that VvRraA1 expression levels affect the abundance of a large number of mRNA species. Among them, the halflives of mRNA species encoding virulence factors (e.g., smcR and htpG) that have been previously shown to affect VvrraA1 expression-dependent phenotypes were positively correlated with VvrraA1 expression levels. These findings suggest that VvRraA1 modulates the pathogenicity of V. vulnificus by regulating the abundance of a subset of mRNA species.

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Identification of the global regulatory roles of RraA via the integrative transcriptome and proteome in Vibrio alginolyticus
Huizhen Chen, Qian Gao, Bing Liu, Ying Zhang, Jianxiang Fang, Songbiao Wang, Youqi Chen, Chang Chen, Nicolas E. Buchler
mSphere.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Flagellar-Associated Genes in Salmonella Typhimurium and Its rnc Mutant
Seungmok Han, Ji-Won Byun, Minho Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(1): 33. CrossRef
Eco-Evolutionary Drivers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Sequence Type 3 Expansion: Retrospective Machine Learning Approach
Amy Marie Campbell, Chris Hauton, Ronny van Aerle, Jaime Martinez-Urtaza
JMIR Bioinformatics and Biotechnology.2024; 5: e62747. CrossRef
Relaxed Cleavage Specificity of Hyperactive Variants of Escherichia coli RNase E on RNA I
Dayeong Bae, Hana Hyeon, Eunkyoung Shin, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Kangseok Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(2): 211. CrossRef
Regulator of RNase E activity modulates the pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium
Jaejin Lee, Eunkyoung Shin, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Jaeyoung Park, Sunwoo Kim, Minho Lee, Kangseok Lee
Microbial Pathogenesis.2022; 165: 105460. CrossRef

Incomplete autophagy promotes the replication of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: Zhaodi Wang† , Yukang Wen† , Bingqian Zhou , Yaqin Tian , Yaru Ning , Honglei Ding; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(8):782-792. Published online July 5, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1232-3

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Abstract

Autophagy is an important cellular homeostatic mechanism for recycling of degradative proteins and damaged organelles. Autophagy has been shown to play an important role in cellular responses to bacteria and bacterial replication. However, the role of autophagy in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection and the pathogenic mechanism is not well characterized. In this study, we showed that M. hyopneumoniae infection significantly increases the number of autophagic vacuoles in host cells. Further, we found significantly enhanced expressions of autophagy marker proteins (LC3-II, ATG5, and Beclin 1) in M. hyopneumoniae-infected cells. Moreover, immunofluorescence analysis showed colocalization of P97 protein with LC3 during M. hyopneumoniae infection. Interestingly, autophagic flux marker, p62, accumulated with the induction of infection. Conversely, the levels of p62 and LC3-II were decreased after treatment with 3-MA, inhibiting the formation of autophagosomes, during infection. In addition, accumulation of autophagosomes promoted the expression of P97 protein and the survival of M. hyopneumoniae in PK- 15 cells, as the replication of M. hyopneumoniae was downregulated by adding 3-MA. Collectively, these findings provide strong evidence that M. hyopneumoniae induces incomplete autophagy, which in turn enhances its reproduction in host cells. These findings provide novel insights into the interaction of M. hyopneumoniae and host.

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Research Progress on Immune Evasion of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Bin Jiang, Ying Zhang, Gaojian Li, Yanping Quan, Jianhong Shu, Huapeng Feng, Yulong He
Microorganisms.2024; 12(7): 1439. CrossRef
The Role of Pyroptosis and Autophagy in Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
Huijie Zhao, Yihan Yang, Xinya Si, Huiyang Liu, Honggang Wang
Biomolecules.2022; 12(7): 1010. CrossRef
Mycoplasma bovis inhibits autophagy in bovine mammary epithelial cells via a PTEN/PI3K-Akt-mTOR-dependent pathway
Maolin Xu, Yang Liu, Tuerdi Mayinuer, Yushan Lin, Yue Wang, Jian Gao, Dong Wang, John P. Kastelic, Bo Han
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Incomplete autophagy promotes the proliferation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae through the JNK and Akt pathways in porcine alveolar macrophages
Yukang Wen, Zhengkun Chen, Yaqin Tian, Mei Yang, Qingshuang Dong, Yujiao Yang, Honglei Ding
Veterinary Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Type 2 human papillomavirus E7 attenuates E-cadherin expression in human keratinocytes: Ji Young Song , Young Min Park , Soon Yong Choi; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(6):616-625. Published online March 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0690-y

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Abstract

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known to utilize the down-regulation of epithelial (E)-cadherin, a major component of adherens junctions of keratinocytes, to evade host immune surveillance in high-risk group. However, the effects of HPV on the function of E-cadherin in low-risk groups remain unknown. We investigated whether type 2 HPV (HPV- 2) E7 could induce alterations in E-cadherin expression in transiently transfected keratinocytes and cell lines expressing HPV-2 E7. To examine the expression pattern of E-cadherin in cutaneous warts and normal skin samples, immunohistochemical analysis was performed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, luciferase assays, western blot, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression levels of Ecadherin in normal human epidermal keratinocytes transfected with HPV-2 E7 plasmid DNA or E7-specific siRNA and in E7-expressing cell lines. E-cadherin expression levels in HPV-2 positive cutaneous warts were significantly decreased compared to those in normal skin (p < 0.05). Similarly, the mRNA and protein expression levels of E-cadherin in E7 transiently transfected cells were significantly decreased compared to those in empty vector-transfected cells. The decreases were restored by transfection with E7-specific siRNA (p < 0.05). Likewise, cell lines expressing E7 showed a decreased expression of E-cadherin. When the cells were cultured in low attachment plates, cell-to-cell aggregation was inhibited. Taken together, our data suggest that HPV-2 E7, the causative agent of cutaneous warts, could mediate the transcriptional repression of E-cadherin.

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The NLRP3 inflammasome in viral infection (Review)
Qiaoli Zheng, Chunting Hua, Qichang Liang, Hao Cheng
Molecular Medicine Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Molecular mechanism of Escherichia coli H10407 induced diarrhoea and its control through immunomodulatory action of bioactives from Simarouba amara (Aubl.): Hegde Veena , Sandesh K. Gowda , Rajeshwara N. Achur , Nayaka Boramuthi Thippeswamy; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(4):435-447. Published online February 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0423-2

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Abstract

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection is a major cause of death in children under the age of five in developing countries. ETEC (O78:H11:CFA/I:LT+:ST+) mechanism has been studied in detail with either heat labile (LT) or heat stable (ST) toxins using in vitro and in vivo models. However, there is no adequate information on ETEC pathogenesis producing both the toxins (LT, ST) in BALB/c mice model. In this study, female mice have been employed to understand ETEC H10407 infection induced changes in physiology, biochemical and immunological patterns up to seven days post-infection and the antidiarrhoeal effect of Simarouba amara (Aubl.) bark aqueous extract (SAAE) has also been looked into. The results indicate that BALB/c is sensitive to ETEC infection resulting in altered jejunum and ileum histomorphology. Withal, ETEC influenced cAMP, PGE2, and NO production resulting in fluid accumulation with varied Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ levels. Meanwhile, ETEC subverted expression of IL-1β, intestine alkaline phosphatase (IAP), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in jejunum and ileum. Our data also indicate the severity of pathogenesis reduction which might be due to attainment of equilibrium after reaching optimum rate of infection. Nevertheless, degree of pathogenesis was highly significant (p < 0.01) in all the studied parameters. Besides that, SAAE was successful in reducing the infectious diarrhoea by inhibiting ETEC H10407 in intestine (jejunum and ileum), and shedding in feces. SAAE decreased cAMP, PGE2, and fluid accumulation effectively and boosted the functional activity of immune system in jejunum and ileum IAP, MPO, IL-1β, and nitric oxide.

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Relaxed Cleavage Specificity of Hyperactive Variants of Escherichia coli RNase E on RNA I
Dayeong Bae, Hana Hyeon, Eunkyoung Shin, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Kangseok Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(2): 211. CrossRef
A systematic antidiarrhoeal evaluation of a vegetable root Begonia roxburghii and its marker flavonoids against nonpathogenic and pathogenic diarrhoea
Rupali S. Prasad, Nikhil Y. Yenorkar, Suhas R. Dhaswadikar, Saurabh K. Sinha, Nitish Rai, Pravesh Sharma, Onkar Kulkarni, Neeraj Kumar, Mahaveer Dhobi, Damiki Laloo, Shailendra S. Gurav, Prakash R. Itankar, Satyendra K. Prasad
Food Bioscience.2023; 53: 102672. CrossRef

Review

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea in biological interactions: Jong-Geol Kim , Khaled S. Gazi , Samuel Imisi Awala , Man-Young Jung , Sung-Keun Rhee; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(3):298-310. Published online February 23, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1005-z

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Abstract

The third domain Archaea was known to thrive in extreme or anoxic environments based on cultivation studies. Recent metagenomics- based approaches revealed a widespread abundance of archaea, including ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) of Thaumarchaeota in non-extreme and oxic environments. AOA alter nitrogen species availability by mediating the first step of chemolithoautotrophic nitrification, ammonia oxidation to nitrite, and are important primary producers in ecosystems, which affects the distribution and activity of other organisms in ecosystems. Thus, information on the interactions of AOA with other cohabiting organisms is a crucial element in understanding nitrogen and carbon cycles in ecosystems as well as the functioning of whole ecosystems. AOA are self-nourishing, and thus interactions of AOA with other organisms can often be indirect and broad. Besides, there are possibilities of specific and obligate interactions. Mechanisms of interaction are often not clearly identified but only inferred due to limited knowledge on the interaction factors analyzed by current technologies. Here, we overviewed different types of AOA interactions with other cohabiting organisms, which contribute to understanding AOA functions in ecosystems.

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Heather Schiller, Yirui Hong, Joshua Kouassi, Theopi Rados, Jasmin Kwak, Anthony DiLucido, Daniel Safer, Anita Marchfelder, Friedhelm Pfeiffer, Alexandre Bisson, Stefan Schulze, Mechthild Pohlschroder
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Di Liang, Niuniu Ji, Angela Kent, Wendy H. Yang
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Yiming Yuan, Guangyi Zhang, Hongyuan Fang, Haifeng Guo, Yongkang Li, Zezhuang Li, Siwei Peng, Fuming Wang
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Journal Articles

Characterization of a novel dsRNA mycovirus of Trichoderma atroviride NFCF377 reveals a member of “Fusagraviridae” with changes in antifungal activity of the host fungus: Jeesun Chun , Byeonghak Na , Dae-Hyuk Kim; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(12):1046-1053. Published online October 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0380-1

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Abstract

Trichoderma atroviride is a common fungus found in various ecosystems that shows mycoparasitic ability on other fungi. A novel dsRNA virus was isolated from T. atroviride NFCF377 strain and its molecular features were analyzed. The viral genome consists of a single segmented double-stranded RNA and is 9,584 bp in length, with two discontinuous open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2). A mycoviral structural protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are encoded by ORF1 and ORF2, respectively, between which is found a canonical shifty heptameric signal motif (AAAAAAC) followed by an RNA pseudoknot. Analysis of sequence similarity and phylogeny showed that it is closely related to members of the proposed family “Fusagraviridae”, with a highest similarity to the Trichoderma atroviride mycovirus 1 (TaMV1). Although the sequence similarity of deduced amino acid to TaMV1 was evident, sequence deviations were distinctive at untranslated regions (UTRs) due to the extended size. Thus, we inferred this dsRNA to be a different strain of Trichoderma atroviride mycovirus 1 (TaMV1-NFCF377). Electron microscopy image exhibited an icosahedral viral particle of 40 nm diameter. Virus-cured isogenic isolates were generated and no differences in growth rate, colony morphology, or conidia production were observed between virus-infected and virus-cured strains. However, culture filtrates of TaMV1- NFCF377-infected strain showed enhanced antifungal activity against the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani but not to edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. These results suggested that TaMV1-NFCF377 affected the metabolism of the fungal host to potentiate antifungal compounds against a plant pathogen, but this enhanced antifungal activity appeared to be species-specific.

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Co-infection with two novel mycoviruses affects the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma polysporum
Jeesun Chun, Hae-Ryeong Yoon, Sei-Jin Lee, Dae-Hyuk Kim
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An Outstandingly Rare Occurrence of Mycoviruses in Soil Strains of the Plant-Beneficial Fungi from the Genus Trichoderma and a Novel Polymycoviridae Isolate
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Sixteen Novel Mycoviruses Containing Positive Single-Stranded RNA, Double-Stranded RNA, and Negative Single-Stranded RNA Genomes Co-Infect a Single Strain of Rhizoctonia zeae
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Journal of Fungi.2023; 10(1): 30. CrossRef
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Miriam Schalamun, Monika Schmoll
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Limiting the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium with berry phenolic extracts and linoleic acid overproducing Lactobacillus casei: Zajeba Tabashsum , Mengfei Peng , Cassendra Bernhardt , Puja Patel , Michael Carrion , Shaik O. Rahaman , Debabrata Biswas; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(6):489-498. Published online April 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9545-1

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Abstract

The growing threat of emergent multidrug-resistant enteric bacterial pathogens, and their adopted virulence properties are directing to find alternative antimicrobials and/or development of dietaries that can improve host gut health and/or defense. Recently, we found that modified Lactobacillus casei (Lc + CLA) with increased production of conjugated linoleic acid has antimicrobial and other beneficial properties. Further, prebiotic alike products such as berry pomace extracts (BPEs), increase the growth of probiotics and inhibit the growth of certain bacterial pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial effect of genetically modified Lc + CLA along with BPEs against major enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST). In mixed culture condition, the growth of ST was significantly reduced in the presence of Lc + CLA and/or BPEs. Bacterial cell-free cultural supernatant (CFCS) collected from wild-type Lc or modified Lc + CLA strains also inhibited the growth and survival of ST, and those inhibitory effects were enhanced in the presence of BPEs. We also found that the interaction of the pathogen with cultured host (HD-11 and INT-407) cells were also altered in the presence of either Lc or Lc + CLA strain or their CFCSs significantly. Furthermore, the relative expression of genes related to ST virulence and physicochemical properties of ST was altered by the effect of CFCSs of either Lc or Lc + CLA. These findings indicate that a diet containing synbiotic, specifically linoleic acid, over-produced Lc + CLA and prebiotic product BPEs, might have the potential to be effective in controlling ST growth and pathogenesis.

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Two novel synthetic peptides inhibit quorum sensing-dependent biofilm formation and some virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1: Mostafa N. Taha , Amal E. Saafan , A. Ahmedy , Eman El Gebaly , Ahmed S. Khairalla; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(7):618-625. Published online June 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8548-2

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Abstract

Quorum sensing (QS) regulates virulence factor expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inhibiting the QS-controlled virulence factors without inhibiting the growth of P. aeruginosa is a promising approach for overcoming the widespread resistance of P. aeruginosa. This study was proposed to investigate the effects of two novel synthetic peptides on the biofilm development and virulence factor production of P. aeruginosa. The tested strain was P. aeruginosa PAO1. The results indicated that both of the synthetic peptides (LIVRHK and LIVRRK) inhibited (P < 0.05) the formation of biofilms and the production of virulence factors, including pyocyanin, protease, and rhamnolipids, without inhibiting the growth of PAO1. Additionally, we detected transcriptional changes related to QS and found a significant reduction in the levels of gene expression of lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR. This study demonstrates that LIVRRK and LIVRHK are novel synthetic peptides that can act as potent inhibitors of QS-regulated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. Moreover, these synthetic peptides have potential applications in the treatment of biofilmrelated diseases. Both peptides may be able to control chronic infections and biofilm-associated problems of P. aeruginosa.

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Construction of a genetically modified T7Select phage system to express the antimicrobial peptide 1018: David J. Lemon , Matthew K. Kay , James K. Titus , April A. Ford , Wen Chen , LCDR Nicholas J. Hamlin , Yoon Y. Hwang; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):532-538. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8686-6

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Abstract

Bacteriophage therapy was an ascendant technology for combating bacterial infections before the golden age of antibiotics, but the therapeutic potential of phages was largely ignored after the discovery of penicillin. Recently, with antibioticresistant infections on the rise, these phages are receiving renewed attention to combat problematic bacterial infections. Our approach is to enhance bacteriophages with antimicrobial peptides, short peptides with broad-spectrum antibiotic or antibiofilm effects. We inserted coding sequences for 1018, an antimicrobial peptide previously shown to be an effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent, or the fluorescent marker mCherry, into the T7Select phage genome. Transcription and production of 1018 or mCherry began rapidly after E. coli cultures were infected with genetically modified phages. mCherry fluorescence, which requires a 90 min initial maturation period, was observed in infected cultures after 2 h of infection. Finally, we tested phages expressing 1018 (1018 T7) against bacterial planktonic cultures and biofilms, and found the 1018 T7 phage was more effective than the unmodified T7Select phage at both killing planktonic cells and eradicating established biofilms, validating our phage-driven antimicrobial peptide expression system. The combination of narrow-spectrum phages delivering relatively high local doses of broad-spectrum antimicrobials could be a powerful
method
to combat resistant infections. The experiments we describe prove this combination is feasible in vitro, but further testing and optimization are required before genetically modified phages are ready for use in vivo.

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Review

MINIREVIEW] Antisense peptide nucleic acids as a potential anti-infective agent: Hyung Tae Lee , Se Kye Kim , Jang Won Yoon; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):423-430. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8635-4

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Abstract

Antibiotics have long been used for anti-infective control of bacterial infections, growth promotion in husbandry, and prophylactic protection against plant pathogens. However, their inappropriate use results in the emergence and spread of multiple drug resistance (MDR) especially among various bacterial populations, which limits further administration of conventional antibiotics. Therefore, the demand for novel anti-infective approaches against MDR diseases becomes increasing in recent years. The peptide nucleic acid (PNA)- based technology has been proposed as one of novel antiinfective and/or therapeutic strategies. By definition, PNA is an artificially synthesized nucleic acid mimic structurally similar to DNA or RNA in nature and linked one another via an unnatural pseudo-peptide backbone, rendering to its stability in diverse host conditions. It can bind DNA or RNA strands complimentarily with high affinity and sequence specificity, which induces the target-specific gene silencing by inhibiting transcription and/or translation. Based on these unique properties, PNA has been widely applied for molecular diagnosis as well as considered as a potential anti-infective agent. In this review, we discuss the general features of PNAs and their application to various bacterial pathogens as new anti-infective or antimicrobial agents.

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Stefano Volpi, Umberto Cancelli, Martina Neri, Roberto Corradini
Pharmaceuticals.2020; 14(1): 14. CrossRef

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