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Review
Replicating poxviruses for human cancer therapy
Manbok Kim
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(4):209-218.   Published online April 8, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5041-4
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  • 24 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Naturally occurring oncolytic viruses are live, replicationproficient viruses that specifically infect human cancer cells while sparing normal cell counterparts. Since the eradication of smallpox in the 1970s with the aid of vaccinia viruses, the vaccinia viruses and other genera of poxviruses have shown various degrees of safety and efficacy in pre-clinical or clinical application for human anti-cancer therapeutics. Furthermore, we have recently discovered that cellular tumor suppressor genes are important in determining poxviral oncolytic tropism. Since carcinogenesis is a multi-step process involving accumulation of both oncogene and tumor suppressor gene abnormalities, it is interesting that poxvirus can exploit abnormal cellular tumor suppressor signaling for its oncolytic specificity and efficacy. Many tumor suppressor genes such as p53, ATM, and RB are known to play important roles in genomic fidelity/maintenance. Thus, tumor suppressor gene abnormality could affect host genomic integrity and likely disrupt intact antiviral networks due to accumulation of genetic defects, which would in turn result in oncolytic virus susceptibility. This review outlines the characteristics of oncolytic poxvirus strains, including vaccinia, myxoma, and squirrelpox virus, recent progress in elucidating the molecular connection between oncogene/tumor suppressor gene abnormalities and poxviral oncolytic tropism, and the associated preclinical/clinical implications. I would also like to propose future directions in the utility of poxviruses for oncolytic virotherapy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
NOTE] Isolation and Characterization of Self-Fertile Suppressors from the Sterile nsdD Deletion Mutant of Aspergillus nidulans
Dong-Beom Lee , Lee Han Kim , Jin-Pyo Kim , Kap-Hoon Han , Dong-Min Han
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(6):1054-1057.   Published online December 28, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1111-4
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AbstractAbstract
To identify downstream and/or interactive factors of the nsdD gene, which encodes a positive regulator of sexual development of Aspergillus nidulans, suppressor mutants displaying a self-fertile phenotype were isolated from a sterile nsdD deletion mutant. At least five different loci (sndA-E) were identified and genetically analyzed. In the nsdD+ background, most of the suppressors showed a marked increment of sexual development, even under the stress conditions that normally inhibited sexual development. The common phenotype of the suppressor mutants suggested the involvement of the snd genes in the negative regulation of sexual development in response to the environmental factors.
Novel strategy for isolating suppressors of meiosis-deficient mutants and its application for isolating the bcy1 suppressor
Shin, Deug Yong , Yun, Jean Ho , Yoo, Hyang Sook
J. Microbiol. 1997;35(1):61-65.
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AbstractAbstract
A novel strategy was developed for isolating suppressors from sporulation-deficient mutants. The mutation in the BCY1 gene, which codes for the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, when homozygous, results in diploids being meiosis and sporulation deficient. Two plasmids, YCp-MATα and YEp-SPOT7-lacZ, were introduced into MATα BCY1^+ or MATα bcy1 haploid cells. The transformant of the BCY1^+ haploid cell produced β-galactosidase under nutrient starvation, but the bcy1 transformant did not. Using this system, the mutagenesis experiment performed on the bcy1 transformant strain resulted in a number of sporulation mutants that produced β-galactosidase under nutrient starvation. One complementation group, sob1, was identified from the isolated suppressor mutants and characterized as a single recessive mutation by tetrad analysis. Genetic analysis revealed that the sob1 mutation suppressed the sporulation deficiency, the failure to arrest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and the sensitivity to heat or nitrogen starvation caused by the bcy1 mutation. However, the sob1 mutation did not suppress the sporulation deficiency of ime1 and of ime2 diploids. These results suggest that the sob1 mutation affects a gene which functions as a downstream regulator in both meiosis and cell cycle regulation.

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