Journal of Microbiology

Review

Role of Rab GTPases in Bacteria Escaping from Vesicle Trafficking of Host Cells: Huiling Xu, Shengnan Wang, Xiaozhou Wang, Pu Zhang, Qi Zheng, ChangXi Qi, Xiaoting Liu, Muzi Li, Yongxia Liu, Jianzhu Liu; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(8):581-590. Published online August 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00162-9

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Abstract: Most bacteria will use their toxins to interact with the host cell, causing damage to the cell and then escaping from it. When bacteria enter the cell, they will be transported via the endosomal pathway. Rab GTPases are involved in bacterial transport as major components of endosomes that bind to their downstream effector proteins. The bacteria manipulate some Rab GTPases, escape the cell, and get to survive. In this review, we will focus on summarizing the many processes of how bacteria manipulate Rab GTPases to control their escape.

Journal Article

Cyanobacterial biodiversity of semiarid public drinking water supply reservoirs assessed via next-generation DNA sequencing technology: Adriana Sturion Lorenzi , Mathias Ahii Chia , Fabyano Alvares Cardoso Lopes , Genivaldo Gueiros Z. Silva , Robert A. Edwards , Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):450-460. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8349-7

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Next-generation DNA sequencing technology was applied to generate molecular data from semiarid reservoirs during well-defined seasons. Target sequences of 16S-23S rRNA ITS and cpcBA-IGS were used to reveal the taxonomic groups of cyanobacteria present in the samples, and genes coding for cyanotoxins such as microcystins (mcyE), saxitoxins (sxtA), and cylindrospermopsins (cyrJ) were investigated. The presence of saxitoxins in the environmental samples was evaluated using ELISA kit. Taxonomic analyses of high-throughput DNA sequencing data showed the dominance of the genus Microcystis in Mundaú reservoir. Furthermore, it was the most abundant genus in the dry season in Ingazeira reservoir. In the rainy season, 16S-23S rRNA ITS analysis revealed that Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii comprised 46.8% of the cyanobacterial community in Ingazeira reservoir, while the cpcBAIGS region revealed that C. raciborskii (31.8%) was the most abundant taxon followed by Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides (17.3%) and Planktothrix zahidii (16.6%). Despite the presence of other potential toxin-producing genera, the detected sxtA gene belonged to C. raciborskii, while the mcyE gene belonged to Microcystis in both reservoirs. The detected mcyE gene had good correlation with MC content, while the amplification of the sxtA gene was related to the presence of STX. The cyrJ gene was not detected in these samples. Using DNA analyses, our results showed that the cyanobacterial composition of Mundaú reservoir was similar in successive dry seasons, and it varied between seasons in Ingazeira reservoir. In addition, our data suggest that some biases of analysis influenced the cyanobacterial communities seen in the NGS output of Ingazeira reservoir.

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Review

MINIREVIEW] The Potential Hazards of Aspergillus sp. in Foods and Feeds, and the Role of Biological Treatment: A Review: Sheikh Imranudin Sheikh-Ali , Akil Ahmad , Siti-Hamidah Mohd-Setapar , Zainul Akmal Zakaria , Norfahana Abdul-Talib , Aidee Kamal Khamis , Md Enamul Hoque; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(10):807-818. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4294-7

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Abstract

The contamination of food and feed by Aspergillus has become a global issue with a significant worldwide economic impact. The growth of Aspergillus is unfavourable to the development of food and feed industries, where the problems happen mostly due to the presence of mycotoxins, which is a toxic metabolite secreted by most Aspergillus groups. Moreover, fungi can produce spores that cause diseases, such as allergies and asthma, especially to human beings. High temperature, high moisture, retarded crops, and poor food storage conditions encourage the growth of mold, as well as the development of mycotoxins. A variety of chemical, biological, and physical strategies have been developed to control the production of mycotoxins. A biological approach, using a mixed culture comprised of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus resulted in the inhibition of the growth of fungi when inoculated into fermented food. The
results
reveal that the mixed culture has a higher potential (37.08%) to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus (producer of Aflatoxin) compared to either single culture, L. rhamnosus NRRL B-442 and S. cerevisiae, which inhibit the growth by 63.07% and 64.24%, respectively.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Molecular Characterization of Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolates Collected in China: Dandan Wei , Lu Zhou , Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj , Chushu Zhang , Fuguo Xing , Yueju Zhao , Yan Wang , Yang Liu; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(7):559-565. Published online May 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3629-8

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Abstract

Aspergillus flavus strains were isolated from peanut fields of Liaoning, Shandong, Hubei and Guangdong Provinces in China, and identified through phenotypic and molecular approaches. Of the 323 A. flavus strains isolated, 76 strains did not produce aflatoxins detectable by UPLC. The incidence of atoxigenic A. flavus strains decreased with increase in temperature and increased with increase in latitude in different geographical locations. Amplification of all the aflatoxin genes in the aflatoxin gene cluster in the atoxigenic isolates showed that there were 25 deletion patterns (A-Y), with 22 deletion patterns identified for the first time. Most of the atoxigenic A. flavus isolates with gene deletions (97%) had deletions in at least one of the four genes (aflT, nor-1, aflR, and hypB), indicating that these four genes could be targeted for rapid identification of atoxigenic strains. The atoxigenic isolates with gene deletions, especially the isolates with large deletions, are potential candidates for aflatoxin control.

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Journal Article

Comparative Analysis of Superantigen Genes in Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Collected from a Single Mammary Quarter of Cows with Mastitis: Karol Fijałkowski , Magdalena Struk , Jolanta Karakulska , Aleksandra Paszkowska , Stefania Giedrys-Kalemba , Helena Masiuk , Danuta Czernomysy-Furowicz , Paweł Nawrotek; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(5):366-372. Published online April 11, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3436-2

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare genes encoding superantigens (SAgs) in Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected simultaneously from milk of the same cows with clinical mastitis. Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like proteins (sea-selu), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tst-1) and exfolia-tive toxins (eta and etd) were investigated. It was found that among 30 isolates of S. xylosus, 16 (53.3%) harbored from 1 to 10 SAg genes. In total, in 16 SAg positive S. xylosus, 11 different enterotoxin genes were detected: sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, selm, seln, selo, selp, ser, selu and one etd gene encoding exfoliative toxin D. The most prevalent genes were ser, selu, and selo. Among all the positive isolates of S. xylosus, a total of 14 different SAg gene combinations were detected. One combination was repeated in 3 isolates, whereas the rest were detected only once. However, in the case of S. aureus all the 30 isolates harbored the same combination of SAg genes: seg, sei, selm, seln, selo and on the basis of PFGE analysis all belonged to the same clonal type. Also noteworthy was the observation that SAg genes detected in S. aureus have also been found in S. xylosus. The findings of this study further extend previous observations that SAg genes are present not only in S. aureus but also in coagulase-negative staphy-lococci, including S. xylosus. Therefore, taking into account that the SAg genes are encoded on mobile genetic elements it is possible that these genes can be transferred between different species of coexisting staphylococci.

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Reviews

REVIEW] When a Virus is not a Parasite: The Beneficial Effects of Prophages: Joseph Bondy-Denomy , Alan R. Davidson; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(3):235-242. Published online March 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4083-3

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Abstract

Most organisms on the planet have viruses that infect them. Viral infection may lead to cell death, or to a symbiotic relationship where the genomes of both virus and host replicate together. In the symbiotic state, both virus and cell potentially experience increased fitness as a result of the other. The viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages (or phages), well exemplify the symbiotic relationships that can develop between viruses and their host. In this review, we will discuss the many ways that prophages, which are phage genomes integrated into the genomes of their hosts, influence bacterial behavior and virulence.

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Phage against the Machine: The SIE-ence of Superinfection Exclusion
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Phages in the global fruit and vegetable industry
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Journal of Applied Microbiology.2015; 118(3): 537. CrossRef
Absence of lysogeny in wild populations of Erwinia amylovora and Pantoea agglomerans
Dwayne R. Roach, David R. Sjaarda, Calvin P. Sjaarda, Carlos Juarez Ayala, Brittany Howcroft, Alan J. Castle, Antonet M. Svircev
Microbial Biotechnology.2015; 8(3): 510. CrossRef
Helicobacter pullorum Isolated from Fresh Chicken Meat: Antibiotic Resistance and Genomic Traits of an Emerging Foodborne Pathogen
Vítor Borges, Andrea Santos, Cristina Belo Correia, Margarida Saraiva, Armelle Ménard, Luís Vieira, Daniel A. Sampaio, Miguel Pinheiro, João Paulo Gomes, Mónica Oleastro, C. M. Dozois
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A standardized protocol for the UV induction of Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1
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Live cell imaging of SOS and prophage dynamics in isogenic bacterial populations
Stefan Helfrich, Eugen Pfeifer, Christina Krämer, Christian Carsten Sachs, Wolfgang Wiechert, Dietrich Kohlheyer, Katharina Nöh, Julia Frunzke
Molecular Microbiology.2015; 98(4): 636. CrossRef
When Competing Viruses Unify: Evolution, Conservation, and Plasticity of Genetic Identities
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Impact of Spontaneous Prophage Induction on the Fitness of Bacterial Populations and Host-Microbe Interactions
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Genome-Based Identification of Active Prophage Regions by Next Generation Sequencing in Bacillus licheniformis DSM13
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MINIREVIEW] Toxin-producing Cyanobacteria in Freshwater: A Review of the Problems, Impact on Drinking Water Safety, and Efforts for Protecting Public Health: Melissa Y. Cheung , Song Liang , Jiyoung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):1-10. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2549-3

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Abstract: Cyanobacteria have adapted to survive in a variety of environments and have been found globally. Toxin-producing cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) have been increasing in frequency worldwide and pose a threat to drinking and recreational water. In this study, the prevalence, impact of CHABs and mitigation efforts were reviewed, focusing on the Lake Erie region and Ohio’s inland lakes that have been impacted heavily as an example so that the findings can be transferrable to other parts of the world that face the similar problems due to the CHABs in their freshwater environments. This paper provides a basic introduction to CHABs and their toxins as well as an overview of public health implications including exposure routes, health effects, and drinking water issues, algal bloom advisory practices in Ohio, toxin measurements results in Ohio public water supplies, and mitigation efforts.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Heat- and Cold-Shock Responses in Fusarium graminearum 3 Acetyl- and 15 Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol Chemotypes: Vladimir Vujanovic , Yit Kheng Goh , Prasad Daida; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):97-102. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1381-5

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Abstract: Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America. Chemically distinct F. graminearum sub-populations can be identified based on the type or composition of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin derivatives, including 3-acetyl (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl (15-ADON). The evaluation of randomly selected 3-ADON and 15-ADON isolates, collected from spring wheat throughout Canada, was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ice-nucleation activity (INA), and heat and cold tolerance tests conducted within a temperature range of -70°C to 65°C. The results indicated that the 3-ADON sub-population, which is responsible for the highest disease severity and has rapidly displaced the 15-ADON sub-population, produces more DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the 15-ADON sub-population when exposed to heat and cold. Following exposures (1 and 2 h) to extremely high or low temperatures, 3-ADON isolates exhibited faster mycelial growth than 15-ADON isolates. In addition, the warmest temperature at which INA activity occurred was in 3-ADON (-3.6°C) vs. 15-ADON (-5.1°C). Taken together, these features suggest that the newly emerging 3-ADON sub-population is more resilient than the resident 15-ADON sub-population. Overall, the differences between the two sub-populations could provide new insights into FHB epidemiology and if validated under field conditions, may provide important information for predicting future FHB epidemics.

Predicting Genetic Traits and Epitope Analysis of apxIVA in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: Min-Kyoung Shin , Seung-Bin Cha , Won-Jung Lee , Han Sang Yoo; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):462-468. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0449-y

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Abstract

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes a severe hemorrhagic pneumonia in pigs. Fifteen serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae express four different Apx toxins that belong to the pore-forming repeats-in-toxin (RTX) group of toxins. ApxIV, which is conserved and up-regulated in vivo, could be an excellent candidate for the development of a protective cross-serotype immunity vaccine, and could aid in the differential diagnosis of diseases caused by A. pleuropneumoniae. We identified and sequenced apxIVA from A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 isolated in Korea (Kor-ApxIVA). The Kor-ApxIVA was closely related to Switzerland (AF021919), China (CP000687), and China (GQ332268), showing 98.6%, 98.4%, and 97.2% amino acid homology, respectively. The level of amino acid homology, however, was higher than the nucleotide homology. The structural characteristics of ApxIVA showed RTX proteins, including N-terminal hydrophobic domains, signature sequences for potential acylation sites, and repeated glycine-rich nonapeptides in the C-terminal region of the protein. Thirty glycine-rich nonapeptides with the consensus sequence, L/V-X-G-G-X-G-N/D-D-X, were found in the C-terminus of the Kor-ApxIVA. In addition, the Kor-ApxIVA was predicted for the linear B-cell epitopes and conserved domains with determined peptide sequences. This genetic analysis of the Kor-ApxIVA might be an important foundation for future biological and functional research on ApxIVA.

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Rapid detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae targeting the apxIVA gene for diagnosis of contagious porcine pleuropneumonia in pigs by polymerase spiral reaction
R. Sarkar, P. Roychoudhury, S. Kumar, S. Dutta, N. Konwar, P. K. Subudhi, T. K. Dutta
Letters in Applied Microbiology.2022; 75(2): 442. CrossRef
Development ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeApxI, ApxII, and ApxIII-specific ELISA methods for evaluation of vaccine efficiency
Myunghwan Jung, Hokeun Won, Min-Kyoung Shin, Myung Whan Oh, Soojin Shim, Injoong Yoon, Han Sang Yoo
Journal of Veterinary Science.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Carbon source utilisation and evaluation of the Biolog system in the identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
László Makrai, Rita Sárközi, László Fodor
Acta Veterinaria Hungarica.2019; 67(3): 327. CrossRef
So sánh khả năng dự đoán chất lượng nước sông Đồng Nai bằng mạng nơ ron nhân tạo và lý thuyết xám
Nguyễn Hiền Thân, Chế Đình Lý, Phạm Văn Tất
Can Tho University, Journal of Science.2017; Môi trường: 120. CrossRef
Prevalence and Characterization ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeIsolated from Korean Pigs
Ki-Eun Lee, Hwan-Won Choi, Ha-Hyun Kim, Jae-Young Song, Dong-Kun Yang
Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2015; 45(1): 19. CrossRef
Identification and Characterization of the Insecticidal Toxin “Makes Caterpillars Floppy” in Photorhabdus temperata M1021 Using a Cosmid Library
Ihsan Ullah, Eun-Kyung Jang, Min-Sung Kim, Jin-Ho Shin, Gun-Seok Park, Abdur Khan, Sung-Jun Hong, Byung-Kwon Jung, JungBae Choi, YeongJun Park, Yunyoung Kwak, Jae-Ho Shin
Toxins.2014; 6(7): 2024. CrossRef

Use of Clostridium septicum Alpha Toxins for Isolation of Various Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Deficient Cells: Dong-Jun Shin , Hyon E. Choy , Yeongjin Hong; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(3):266-271.; DOI: https://doi.org/2214 [pii]

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Abstract: In eukaryotic cells, various proteins are anchored to the plasma membrane through glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). To study the biosynthetic pathways and modifications of GPI, various mutant cells have been isolated from the cells of Chinese hamster ovaries (CHO) supplemented with several exogenous genes involved in GPI biosynthesis using aerolysin, a toxin secreted from gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Alpha toxin from Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium septicum is homologous to large lobes (LL) of aerolysin, binds GPI-anchored proteins and possesses a cell-destroying mechanism similar to aerolysin. Here, to determine whether alpha toxins can be used as an isolation tool of GPI-mutants, like aerolysin, CHO cells stably transfected with several exogenous genes involved in GPI biosynthesis were chemically mutagenized and cultured in a medium containing alpha toxins. We isolated six mutants highly resistant to alpha toxins and deficient in GPI biosynthesis. By genetic complementation, we determined that one mutant cell was defective of the second subunit of dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPM2) and other five cells were of a putative catalytic subunit of inositol acyltransferase (PIG-W). Therefore, C. septicum alpha toxins are a useful screening probe for the isolation of various GPI-mutant cells.

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