Review
- Reverse Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review
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Chiranjib Chakraborty, Manojit Bhattacharya, Md Aminul Islam, Hatem Zayed, Elijah Ige Ohimain, Sang-Soo Lee, Prosun Bhattacharya, Kuldeep Dhama
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J. Microbiol. 2024;62(5):337-354. Published online May 23, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00138-9
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Abstract
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Reverse zoonosis reveals the process of transmission of a pathogen through the human-animal interface and the spillback of the zoonotic pathogen. In this article, we methodically demonstrate various aspects of reverse zoonosis, with a comprehensive discussion of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV reverse zoonosis. First, different components of reverse zoonosis, such as humans, different pathogens, and numerous animals (poultry, livestock, pets, wild animals, and zoo animals), have been demonstrated. Second, it explains the present status of reverse zoonosis with different pathogens during previous occurrences of various outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Here, we present 25 examples from literature. Third, using several examples, we comprehensively illustrate the present status of the reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. Here, we have provided 17 examples of SARS-CoV-2 reverse zoonosis and two examples of MPXV reverse zoonosis. Fourth, we have described two significant aspects of reverse zoonosis: understanding the fundamental aspects of spillback and awareness. These two aspects are required to prevent reverse zoonosis from the current infection with two significant viruses. Finally, the One Health approach was discussed vividly, where we urge scientists from different areas to work collaboratively to solve the issue of reverse zoonosis.
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Citations
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- Development of a multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of monkeypox virus clades I, II, and goatpox virus
Yongqiang Lin, Zijing Guo, Jinsong Chen, Xianwen Zhang, Long Zhou, Yanmin Li, Zhidong Zhang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Journal Articles
- Simultaneous detection of Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in environmental water using PMA combined with mPCR
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Guoyang Xie , Shuang Yu , Wen Li , Dan Mu , Zoraida P. Aguilar , Hengyi Xu
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J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):668-674. Published online June 25, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0084-6
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51
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12
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10
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Abstract
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A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) with propidium
monoazide (PMA) and internal amplification control
(IAC) for the simultaneous detection of waterborne pathogens
Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus
cereus, and Escherichia coli O157:H7, was developed. This
PMA-IAC-mPCR assay used four new specific primers based
on the genes for invA, ecfX, cesB, and fliC, respectively. A
16S rRNA primer was chosen for IAC to eliminate false negative
results
. The photosensitive dye, propidium monoazide
(PMA) was used to exclude signals from dead bacteria that
could lead to false positive results. In pure culture, the limits
of detection (LOD) were 101 CFU/ml for P. aeruginosa, 102
CFU/ml for both Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7, and
103 CFU/ml for B. cereus, respectively. In addition, with a
6–8 h enrichment of all four bacteria that were combined in
a mixture that was spiked in water sample matrix, the LOD
was 3 CFU/ml for Salmonella spp., 7 CFU/ml for E. coli
O157:H7, 10 CFU/ml for B. cereus and 2 CFU/ml for P.
aeruginosa. This PMA-IAC-mPCR assay holds potential for
application in the multiplex assay of waterborne pathogens.
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Wenjing Zhang, Hai Qu, Xin Wu, Jingjing Shi, Xinling Wang
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Lisa Paruch
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- Application of Statistical Experimental Design for Optimization of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesis by a Nanofactory Streptomyces viridochromogenes
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Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar , Nayera A.M. Abdelwahed
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J. Microbiol. 2014;52(1):53-63. Published online January 4, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3410-z
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45
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Abstract
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Central composite design was chosen to determine the combined effects of four process variables (AgNO3 concentration, incubation period, pH level and inoculum size) on the extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Streptomycesviridochromogenes. Statistical analysis of the results showed that incubation period, initial pH level and inoculum size had significant effects (P0.05) on the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles at their individual level. The maximum biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was achieved at a concentration of 0.5% (v/v) of 1 mM AgNO3, incubation period of 96 h, initial pH of 9 and inoculum size of 2% (v/v). After optimization, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was improved by approximately 5-fold as compared to that of the unoptimized conditions. The synthetic process of silver nanoparticle generation using the reduction of aqueous Ag+ ion by the culture supernatants of S. viridochromogenes was quite fast, and silver nanoparticles were formed immediately by the addition of AgNO3 solution (1 mM) to the cell-free supernatant. Initial characterization of silver nanoparticles was performed by visual observation of color change from yellow to intense brown color. UV-visible spectrophotometry for measuring surface plasmon resonance showed a single absorption peak at 400 nm, which confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis provided evidence for proteins as possible reducing and capping agents for stabilizing the nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed the extracellular formation of spherical silver nanoparticles in the size range of 2.15–7.27 nm. Compared to the cell-free supernatant, the biosynthesized AgNPs revealed superior antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacterial strains and Candida albicans.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Antifungal Activities of the Essential Oils in Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Et Perry and Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and their Constituents against Various Dermatophytes
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Mi-Jin Park , Ki-Seob Gwak , In Yang , Won-Sil Choi , Hyun-Jin Jo , Je-Won Chang , Eui-Bae Jeung , In-Gyu Choi
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DOI: https://doi.org/2589 [pii]
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Abstract
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This study was carried out in order to investigate the potential of using plant oils derived from Leptospermum petersonii Bailey and Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. Et Perry as natural antifungal agents. The antifungal effects of essential oils at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 mg/ml on the dermatophytes Microsporum canis (KCTC 6591), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (KCTC 6077), Trichophyton rubrum (KCCM 60443), Epidermophyton floccosum (KCCM 11667), and Microsporum gypseum were evaluated using the agar diffusion method. The major constituents of the active fraction against the dermatophytes were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The antifungal activities of S. aromaticum oil (clove oil) against the dermatophytes tested were highest at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, with an effectiveness of more than 60%. Hyphal growth was completely inhibited in T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and M. gypseum by treatment with clove oil at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Eugenol was the most effective antifungal constituent of clove oil against the dermatophytes T. mentagrophytes and M. canis. Morphological changes in the hyphae of T. mentagrophytes, such as damage to the cell wall and cell membrane and the expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum, after treatment with 0.11 mg/ml eugenol were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, L. petersonii oil (LPO) was more than 90% effective against all of the dermatophytes tested, with the exception of T. rubrum. Geranial was determined to be the most active antifungal constituent of L. petersonii oil. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that clove and tea tree oils exhibited significant antifungal activities against the dermatophytes tested in this study.