Comprehensive analysis of fungal diversity and enzyme activity in nuruk, a Korean fermenting starter, for acquiring useful fungi

Emily Carroll; Tran Ngoc Trinh; Hokyoung Son; Yin-Won Lee; Jeong-Ah Seo

doi:10.1007/s12275-017-7114-z

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Comprehensive analysis of fungal diversity and enzyme activity in nuruk, a Korean fermenting starter, for acquiring useful fungi: Emily Carroll ¹, Tran Ngoc Trinh ¹, Hokyoung Son ², Yin-Won Lee ³, Jeong-Ah Seo ¹; Journal of Microbiology 2017;55(5):357-365.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7114-z
Published online: April 29, 2017

¹School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea, ²Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, ³Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea¹School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea, ²Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, ³Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea

Corresponding author: Jeong-Ah Seo , Tel: +82-2-820-0449,

Received: 20 March 2017 • Accepted: 25 March 2017

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Abstract

Nuruk is a fermenting starter that is involved in the pro-duction of alcoholic beverages, and has been used in South Korea for a very long time. To analyze the fungal diversity, we collected a total of 59 nuruk samples from several com-panies and persons in 2013 to 2014, and obtained 364 iso-lates. All of the single isolated fungi were identified, both morphologically and molecularly, based on the sequences of ribosomal RNA gene [18S, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, and 26S (D1/D2 region)]. In 46 nuruk samples out of 59 (78%), Saccharo-mycopsis fibuligera, a dimorphic yeast, was most frequently isolated. Among the filamentous fungi, Aspergillus and Lich-theimia were found in more than 50% of the samples with lower colony forming unit (CFU/g of sample) than those of yeasts. The yeasts S. fibuligera and Wickerhamomyces ano-malus were counted with maximum 1.3 – 1.8 × 108 CFU/g. Among Mucorales fungi, Lichtheimia and Mucor were iso-lated in much higher numbers than Rhizopus and Rhizo-mucor. Overall, the home-made nuruks tend to contain more diverse filamentous fungi than the commercial nuruks. To acquire industrially useful filamentous fungi and yeasts, we analyzed the enzyme activities of α-amylase, glucoamylase and acid protease associated with brewing properties for 131 strains. Aspergillus oryzae and S. fibuligera had high α- and glucoamylase activities and most isolates of Lichtheimia ramosa had high acid protease activity. For further applica-tions, 27 fungal strains were chosen based on isolation fre-quencies from nuruk, and the ability to produce useful en-zyme.

Keywords: fungal diversity;nuruk;Saccharomycopsis fibu-ligera;enzyme activity;application

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Comprehensive analysis of fungal diversity and enzyme activity in nuruk, a Korean fermenting starter, for acquiring useful fungi

J. Microbiol. 2017;55(5):357-365. Published online April 29, 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7114-z

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