Abstract
Since most bacterial cells are starving, they must enter a resting
stage. Persister is the term used for metabolically-dormant
cells that are not spores, and these cells arise from stress
such as that from antibiotics as well as that from starvation.
Because of their lack of metabolism, persister cells survive
exposure to multiple stresses without undergoing genetic
change; i.e., they have no inherited phenotype and behave as
wild-type cells once the stress is removed and nutrients are
presented. In contrast, mutations allow resistant bacteria to
grow in the presence of antibiotics and slow growth allows
tolerant cells to withstand higher concentrations of antibiotics;
hence, there are three closely-related phenotypes: persistent,
resistant, and tolerant. In addition, since dormancy
is so prevalent, persister cells must have a means for resuscitating
(since so many cells should obtain this resting state).
In this review, we focus on what is known about the formation
and resuscitation of persister cells.
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