The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has
underscored the lack of approved drugs against acute viral
diseases. Plants are considered inexhaustible sources of drugs
for several diseases and clinical conditions, but plant-derived
compounds have seen little success in the field of antivirals.
Here, we present the case for the use of compounds from vascular
plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols,
and tannins, as antivirals, particularly for the treatment of
COVID-19. We review current evidence for the use of these
phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2 infection and present
their potential targets in the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.
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J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):978-987. Published online September 27, 2021
Phenotypic and genomic analyses were performed to characterize
two novel species, H23M54T and AMA3305T, isolated
from the faeces of the Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) and
the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), respectively. Strains
H23M54T and AMA3305T showed the highest similarities of
16S rRNA gene sequences and complete genome sequences
with Ornithinimicrobium cavernae CFH 30183T (98.5% of 16S
rRNA gene sequence similarity and 82.1% of average nucleotide
identity, ANI) and O. pekingense DSM 21552T (98.5% of
16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 82.3% of ANI), respectively.
Both strains were Gram-stain-positive, obligate aerobes,
non-motile, non-spore-forming, and coccoid- and rodshaped.
Strain H23M54T grew optimally at 25–30°C and pH
8.0 and in the presence of 1.5–2% (wt/vol) NaCl, while strain
AMA3305T grew optimally at 30°C and pH 7.0 and in the presence
of 1–3% (wt/vol) NaCl. Both strains had iso-C15:0, iso-
C16:0, and summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c and/or C16:0 10-
methyl) as major cellular fatty acids. MK-8 (H4) was identified
as the primary respiratory quinone in both strains. Strains
H23M54T and AMA3305T possessed diphosphatidylglycerol
and phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids. Moreover,
strains H23M54T and AMA3305T commonly contained ribose
and glucose as major sugars and L-ornithine, L-alanine,
glycine, and aspartic acid as major amino acids. The polyphasic
taxonomic data indicate that strains H23M54T and AMA3305T
represent novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium. We
propose the names Ornithinimicrobium ciconiae sp. nov. and
Ornithinimicrobium avium sp. nov. for strains H23M54T (= KCTC 49151T = JCM 33221T) and AMA3305T (= KCTC
49180T = JCM 32873T), respectively.
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with abnormal hormone secretion, leading to the
disorder of metabolism. The intestinal microbiota is vital to
maintain digestive and immunologic homeostasis. The relevant
information of the microbial community in the gut and
thyroid, including composition, structure, and relationship,
is unclear in thyroid carcinoma patients. A total of 93 samples
from 25 patients were included in this study. The results
showed that microbial communities existed in thyroid tissue;
gut and thyroid had high abundance of facultative anaerobes
from the Proteobacteria phyla. The microbial metabolism from
the thyroid and gut may be affected by the thyroid carcinoma
cells. The cooccurrence network showed that the margins of
different thyroid tissues were unique areas with more competition;
the stabilization of microcommunities from tissue
and stool may be maintained by several clusters of species
that may execute different vital metabolism processes dominantly
that are attributed to the microenvironment of cancer.
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Escherichia coli O157:H7 as well as its ability to form biofilms
poses major threats to public health worldwide. With increasing
concerns about the limitations of current disinfectant treatments,
phage-derived depolymerases may be used as promising
biocontrol agents. Therefore, in this study, the characterization,
purification, and application of a novel phage depolymerase,
Dpo10, specifically targeting the lipopolysaccharides
of E. coli O157, was performed. Dpo10, with a molecular
mass of 98 kDa, was predicted to possess pectate lyase
activity via genome analysis and considered to act as a receptor-
binding protein of the phage. We confirmed that the
purified Dpo10 showed O-polysaccharide degrading activity
only for the E. coli O157 strains by observing its opaque halo.
Dpo10 maintained stable enzymatic activities across a wide
range of temperature conditions under 55°C and mild basic
pH. Notably, Dpo10 did not inhibit bacterial growth but significantly
increased the complement-mediated serum lysis
of E. coli O157 by degrading its O-polysaccharides. Moreover,
Dpo10 inhibited the biofilm formation against E. coli O157
on abiotic polystyrene by 8-fold and stainless steel by 2.56 log
CFU/coupon. This inhibition was visually confirmed via fieldemission
scanning electron microscopy. Therefore, the novel
depolymerase from E. coli siphophage exhibits specific binding
and lytic activities on the lipopolysaccharide of E. coli O157
and may be used as a promising anti-biofilm agent against
the E. coli O157:H7 strain.
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active natural products and hydrolytic enzymes with
the potential for biomedical and industrial applications. Here,
we present the complete genome sequence of Isoptericola
dokdonensis DS-3 isolated from soil in Dokdo, small islets
in the East Sea of Korea. This actinomycete harbors a large
number of genes encoding carbohydrate-degrading enzymes,
and its activity to degrade carboxymethyl cellulose into glucose
was experimentally evaluated. Since the genus Isoptericola was
proposed after reclassification based on phylogenetic analysis,
strains of Isoptericola have been continuously isolated from
diverse environments and the importance of this genus in the
ecosystem has been suggested by recent culturomic or metagenomic
studies. The phylogenic relationships of the genus
tended to be closer among strains that had been isolated from
similar habitats. By analyzing the properties of published genome
sequences of seven defined species in the genus, a large
number of genes for carbohydrate hydrolysis and utilization,
as well as several biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary
metabolites, were identified. Genomic information of I. dokdonensis
DS-3 together with comparative analysis of the genomes
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around the globe, causing about 1.8 million deaths every year.
Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant
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public health. In the case of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis,
the treatment effect of conventional antibiotics is low. Side
effects caused by high doses over a long period are causing
severe problems. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent
need to develop a new anti-tuberculosis drug that is different
from the existing compound-based antibiotics. Probiotics
are defined as live microorganisms conferring health
benefits. They can be potential therapeutic agents in this context
as the effectiveness of probiotics against different infectious
diseases has been well established. Here, we report that
Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 shows a promising effect on
tuberculosis isolated from vaginal fluids of healthy Korean
women. Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 reduced M. tuberculosis
H37Rv under co-culture conditions in broth and reduced
M. tuberculosis H37Rv and XDR M. tuberculosis in macrophages.
Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 was not toxic to a
guinea pig model and did not induce dysbiosis in a human
intestinal microbial ecosystem simulator. Taken together, these results indicate that L. crispatus PMC201 can be a promising
alternative drug candidate in the current tuberculosis drug
regime. Further study is warranted to assess the in vivo efficacy
and confirm the mode of action of L. crispatus PMC201.
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stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) in groundnut was established.
Fu21 demonstrated higher in-vitro growth inhibition of pathogen
with better fungicide tolerance than the parental strains.
The green nanosilver particles were synthesized from the extracellular
metabolites of Fu21 and characterized for shape
(spherical, 59.34 nm in scanning electron microscope), purity
(3.00 KeV, energy dispersive X-ray analysis), size (54.3 nm
in particle size analyzer), and stability (53.7 mv, zeta). The field
efficacy study exhibited that the seedling emergence was high
in seeds treated with green nanosilver (minimum inhibitory
concentration-[MIC] 20 μg Ag/ml), and a low disease severity
index of stem rot during the crop growth was followed by the
live antagonist (Fu21) in addition to seed treatment with a
fungicide mix under pathogen infestation. The seed quality
analysis of harvested pods revealed a high oil content with
balanced fatty acid composition (3.10 oleic/linoleic acid ratio)
in green nanosilver treatment under pathogen infestation.
The residual analysis suggested that green nanosilver applied
at the MIC level as seed treatment yielded similar effects as the
control for silver residue in the harvested groundnut seeds.
The green nanosilver at MIC has a high pod-yield under S.
rolfsii infestation, demonstrating green chemistry and sustainability
of the nanoproduct.
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In the present study, we determined the complete sequences
of the prototype GETV MM2021 and SAGV M6-Mag132
genomic RNA extracted from plaque-purified viruses. The
MM2021 genome was 11,692 nucleotides (nt) in length in the
absence of 3poly(A) tail, and the length of M6-Mag132 genome
was 11,698 nt. Through sequence alignment of MM2021
and M6-Mag132, we located all the amino acid differences
between these two strains, which were scattered in all the encoded
proteins. Subsequently, we validated the close evolutionary
relationship between GETV and SAGV by constructing
phylogenetic trees based on either complete genomes or
structural genomes. We eventually analyzed the growth kinetics
of GETV and SAGV as well as other representative alphaviruses
in various mammalian and insect cell lines. It was
shown that human-oriented cell lines such as HEK-293T and
Hela cells were relatively resistant to GETV and SAGV infection
due to absence of proviral factors or species-specific barrier.
On the other hand, both GETV and SAGV replicated efficiently
in non-human cell lines. Our results provide essential
genetic information for future epidemiological surveillance
on Alphaviruses and lay the foundation for developing
effective interventions against GETV and SAGV.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented health,
social, and economic crises worldwide. However, to date, there
is an only a limited effective treatment for this disease. Human
placenta hydrolysate (hPH) has previously been shown to be
safe and to improve the health condition in patients with hyperferritinemia
and COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to
determine the antiviral effects of hPH against SARS-CoV-2
in vitro and in vivo models and compared with Remdesivir,
an FDA-approved drug for COVID-19 treatment. To assess
whether hPH inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication, we determined
the CC50, EC50, and selective index (SI) in Vero cells
by infection with a SARS-CoV-2 at an MOI of 0.01. Further,
groups of ferrets infected with 105.8 TCID50/ml of SARS-CoV-2
and treated with hPH at 2, 4, 6 dpi, and compared their clinical
manifestation and virus titers in respiratory tracts with
PBS control-treated group. The mRNA expression of immunerelated
cytokines was determined by qRT-PCR. hPH treatment
attenuated virus replication in a dose-dependent manner in
vitro. In a ferret infection study, treatment with hPH resulted
in minimal bodyweight loss and attenuated virus replication
in the nasal wash, turbinates, and lungs of infected ferrets.
In addition, qRT-PCR results revealed that the hPH treatment
remarkably upregulated the gene expression of type I
(IFN-α and IFN-β) and II (IFN-γ) IFNs in SARS-CoV-2 infected
ferrets. Our data collectively suggest that hPH has antiviral
efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and might be a promising
therapeutic agent for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Citations
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