EAST1 is produced by a subset of enteroaggregative Escherichia
coli strains. This toxin is a 38-amino acid peptide of 4100
Da. It shares 50% homology with the enterotoxic domain of
STa and interacts with the same receptor. The mechanism
of action of EAST1is proposed to be identical to that of STa
eliciting a cGMP increase. EAST1 is associated with diarrheal
disease in Man and various animal species including cattle
and swine. Nevertheless, as EAST1-positive strains as well as
culture supernatants did not provoke unequivocally diarrhea
either in animal models or in human volunteers, the role of
this toxin in disease is today still debated. This review intent
is to examine the role of EAST1 toxin in diarrheal illnesses.
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plant microbiota has revealed complex relationships between
plants and microbial communities, and environmental factors
such as soil type can influence these relationships. However,
most studies on root-associated microbial communities
have focused on model plants such as Arabidopsis, rice or
crops. Herein, we examined the microbiota of rhizocompartments
of two native plants, Sedum takesimense Nakai and
Campanula takesimana Nakai, using archaeal and bacterial
16S rRNA gene amplicon profiling, and assessed relationships
between environmental factors and microbial community
composition. We identified 390 bacterial genera, including
known plant-associated genera such as Pseudomonas,
Flavobacterium, Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium, and uncharacterized
clades such as DA101 that might be important
in root-associated microbial communities in bulk soil. Unexpectedly,
Nitrososphaera clade members were abundant,
indicating functional association with roots. Soil texture/type
has a greater impact on microbial community composition
in rhizocompartments than chemical factors. Our results provide
fundamental knowledge on microbial diversity, community
and correlations with environmental factors, and expand
our understanding of the microbiota in rhizocompartments
of native plants.
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A Gram-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium,
designated YLB-03T, with peritrichous flagella was
isolated from deep-sea sediment of the Yap Trench at a depth
of 4435 m. The bacterium was found to be catalase-positive
but oxidase-negative. Growth of this bacterium was observed
at 15–50°C (optimum 37°C), pH 5–10.5 (optimum 7), 0–5%
NaCl (optimum 1%, w/v) and 0.1–50 MPa (optimum 0.1
MPa). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences
showed that strain YLB-03T was a member of the
genus Lysinibacillus. Strain YLB-03T was closely related to
Lysinibacillus sinduriensis BLB-1T and Lysinibacillus chungkukjangi
2RL3-2T (98.4%), Lysinibacillus halotolerans LAM-
612T (98.0%), Lysinibacillus telephonicus KT735049T (97.5%),
Lysinibacillus endophyticus C9T (97.5%), Lysinibacillus composti
NCCP-36T and Lysinibacillus massiliensis 4400831T
(97.3%). The ANI and the GGDC DNA-DNA hybridization
estimate values between strain YLB-03T and closely related
type strains were 73.7–76.3% and 34.7–38.7%, respectively.
The principal fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0. The
G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 39.6 mol%. The
respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-7. The diagnostic
amino acids in the cell wall peptidoglycan contained
Lys-Asp (type A4α) and the cell-wall sugars were glucose
and xylose. The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol,
phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and an unidentified
phospholipid. The combined genotypic and phenotypic
data showed that strain YLB-03T represents a novel
species within the genus Lysinibacillus, for which the name
Lysinibacillus yapensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type
strain YLB-03T (= MCCC 1A12698T = JCM 32871T).
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a polyphasic approach. Upon phylogenetic analysis, strain
ML311-T8T was clustered with Paenibacillus arcticus MME2_
R6T and P. contaminans CKOBP-6T with 98.3–98.6 and 93.5–
93.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively.
DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain ML311-T8T
and P. arcticus MME2_R6T was 19.9%. The genomic DNA
G+C content was 41.1 mol%. The isolated strain was Gramstain-
positive, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped, and grew in
0–0.5% (w/v) NaCl, at 4–23°C and pH 6.0–10.0, with optimal
growth in 0% (w/v) NaCl, at 20°C and pH 7.0–8.0. The predominant
respiratory quinone of strain ML311-T8T was MK-
7 and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and C16:0. The
polar lipids of strain ML311-T8T were phosphatidylglycerol,
phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified
amino lipids, and three unidentified lipids. On the
basis of polyphasic taxonomic analysis, the strain ML311-T8T
is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus,
for which the name Paenibacillus psychroresistens sp.
nov. is proposed. The type strain is ML311-T8T (= KCCM
43190T = JCM 31243T).
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bacterial phyla. Archaeal family Methanosarcinaceae
and bacterial genera Vibrio and Dehalococcoides were significantly
higher in the mangrove sediments than in the nonmangrove
sediments. Functional analysis showed that “Carbohydrate
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category. The feature of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CZs)
was analyzed using the Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes Database.
The significant differences of CZs between mangrove
and non-mangrove sediments, were attributed to the amounts
of polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.-), hexosyltransferase (EC
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carbon may promote the richness of carbohydrate metabolism
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resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) has become a potential threat
to public health. MRSA from bovine mastitis is not common
but a methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) genotype, rpoB
sequence type (RST)10-2 (RST10-2), is prevalent in Korea.
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human RST10-2 strains (MSSA476, MW2 etc.)
compared to other RSTs. Most of them shared five common
pseudogenes, along with high amino acid identity of four
variable virulence genes that were identified in this study.
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pseudogenes and mobile genetic elements than the
human strains. The unique pseudogene profile and high identity
of the virulence genes were verified in RST10-2 field strains
from bovine mastitis. Thus, bovine mastitic RST10-2 MSSA
may have an evolutionary relationship with the human RST10-
2 community-associated (CA) MSSA and CA-MRSA strains
but may have adapted to cows.
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can antagonize Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, was identified
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against five plant pathogenic fungi and six plant pathogenic
bacteria in vitro. The fermentation broth of strain As-75
displayed maximum stability under fluorescent illumination
at temperatures below 60°C at pH 6.5. A substance with antagonistic
activity was obtained from strain As-75 via fractional
extraction, silica gel column chromatography and thinlayer
chromatography. Through mass spectrometry, nuclear
magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
(ESI-MS) analyses, the target compound was identified
as (2Z)-2-butenedioic acid-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-methyl
ester; its molecular weight of 170.06 daltons and formula
of C8H10O4 identify it as a novel compound. Trials of
the preventative and curative effects demonstrated that compound
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S1 in preventing rice bacterial blight in six rice varieties,
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respectively.
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Mucor circinelloides is a dimorphic Zygomycete fungus that
produces ethanol under aerobic conditions in the presence of
glucose, which indicates that it is a Crabtree-positive fungus.
To determine the physiological role of the alcohol dehydrogenase
(ADH) activity elicited under these conditions, we obtained
and characterized an allyl alcohol-resistant mutant
that was defective in ADH activity, and examined the effect
of adh mutation on physiological parameters related to carbon
and energy metabolism. Compared to the Adh+ strain
R7B, the ADH-defective (Adh-) strain M5 was unable to grow
under anaerobic conditions, exhibited a considerable reduction
in ethanol production in aerobic cultures when incubated
with glucose, had markedly reduced growth capacity in the
presence of oxygen when ethanol was the sole carbon source,
and exhibited very low levels of NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase
activity in the cytosolic fraction. Further characterization
of the M5 strain showed that it contains a 10-bp
deletion that interrupts the coding region of the adh1 gene.
Complementation with the wild-type allele adh1+ by transformation of M5 remedied all the defects caused by the adh1
mutation. These findings indicate that in M. circinelloides,
the product of the adh1 gene mediates the Crabtree effect,
and can act as either a fermentative or an oxidative enzyme,
depending on the nutritional conditions, thereby participating
in the association between fermentative and oxidative
metabolism. It was found that the spores of M. circinelloides
possess low mRNA levels of the ethanol assimilation genes
(adl2 and acs2), which could explain their inability to grow
in the alcohol.
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mild to severe fatal invasive infections. Even with enormous
number of reports exploring the role of S. pyogenes exotoxins
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within various streptococcal species. Transcriptome
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of many transcriptional regulators (ciaRH) and
response genes (luxS, shr, shp, SPy_0572), hinting towards
specific mechanisms underlying the dispersal effect by SpeA.
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