Journal of Microbiology

Review

Obesity, skin disorders, and the microbiota: Unraveling a complex web: Yu Ri Woo, Hei Sung Kim; J. Microbiol. 2026;64(1):e2508007. Published online January 31, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2508007

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Abstract PDF: Obesity is increasingly recognized as a systemic pro-inflammatory condition that influences not only metabolic and cardiovascular health but also the development and exacerbation of cutaneous inflammatory diseases. This review examines the interplay between obesity, microbial dysbiosis, and two archetypal inflammatory skin disorders—hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and psoriasis. We highlight how obesity-induced changes in immune signaling, gut permeability, and microbiota composition—both in the gut and the skin—contribute to cutaneous inflammation. Special emphasis is placed on shared pathways such as the Th17/IL-23 and IL-22 signaling axes, adipokine imbalance, and microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides. The review critically evaluates the current literature, distinguishing preclinical insights from clinical evidence, and underscores the potential of microbiota-targeted therapies and metabolic interventions as adjunctive treatment strategies. By integrating metabolic, immunologic, and microbiome data, we synthesize emerging evidence to better understand the gut–skin–obesity interplay and guide future therapeutic innovations.

Full article

Synergistic anti-obesity effects of Bifidobacterium breve BR3 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP3 via coordinated regulation of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota: Misun Yun, Dooheon Son, Namhee Kim, Se Hee Lee, Eunbee Cho, Sanghyun Lim; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(12):e2511001. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2511001

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: The global rise in obesity and its associated metabolic complications underscores the urgent need for safe and effective interventions. This study investigated the anti-obesity efficacy of a probiotic mixture containing Bifidobacterium breve BR3 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP3 in C57BL/6 mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. After obesity was established by feeding a 60% kcal HFD, the probiotic mixture was administered orally for 4 weeks. Compared with the control group, mice receiving the L. plantarum LP3 and B. breve BR3 mixture exhibited significant reductions in body weight and total fat mass, as assessed by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (EchoMRI). The probiotic treatment also lowered serum Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), and glucose levels, and attenuated lipid accumulation in both hepatic and epididymal adipose tissues. Transcriptomic profiling revealed upregulation of lipolytic genes (Sirt1, Pparα) and downregulation of lipogenic genes (Srebp1c, Fas), suggesting that the probiotic mixture promotes lipid catabolism while suppressing lipid synthesis. Additionally, serum adipokine levels were favorably modulated, indicating improved metabolic homeostasis. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated an increased relative abundance of beneficial genera, including Akkermansia and Bacteroides, highlighting a microbiome-mediated contribution to the observed metabolic benefits. Overall, our findings indicate that the combined administration of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LP3 and Bifidobacterium breve BR3 exerts multi-faceted anti-obesity effects by enhancing lipolysis, regulating lipid metabolism, and restoring a healthy gut microbial balance. This probiotic mixture represents a promising therapeutic approach for managing obesity and related metabolic disorders.

Journal Article

Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum ABF21069 Ameliorate High Sucrose-Induced Obesity and Fatty Liver via Exopolysaccharide Production and β-oxidation: Yu Mi Jo, Yoon Ji Son, Seul-Ah Kim, Gyu Min Lee, Chang Won Ahn, Han-Oh Park, Ji-Hyun Yun; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(10):907-918. Published online October 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00173-6

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Abstract PDF

Obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) are prevalent metabolic disorders with substantial global health implications that are often inadequately addressed by current treatments and may have side effects. Probiotics have emerged as promising therapeutic agents owing to their beneficial effects on gut health and metabolism. This study investigated the synergistic effects of a probiotic combination of BNR17 and ABF21069 on obesity and MAFLD in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-sucrose diet. The probiotic combination significantly reduced body weight and fat accumulation compared with the high-sucrose diet. It also alleviated elevated serum leptin levels induced by a high-sucrose diet. Histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in white adipose tissue and fatty liver in the mice treated with the probiotic combination. Furthermore, increased expression of genes related to β-oxidation, thermogenesis, and lipolysis suggested enhanced metabolic activity. The probiotic groups, particularly the BNR17 group, showed an increase in fecal exopolysaccharides, along with a tendency toward a lower expression of intestinal sugar transport genes, indicating reduced sugar absorption. Additionally, inflammatory markers in the liver tissue exhibited lower expression in the ABF21069 group than in the HSD group. Despite each strain in the combination group having distinct characteristics and functions, their combined effect demonstrated synergy in mitigating obesity and MAFLD, likely through the modulation of fecal exopolysaccharides content and improvement in lipid metabolism. These findings underscore the potential of probiotic supplementation as a promising assistant therapy for managing obesity and MAFLD and provide valuable insights into its therapeutic mechanisms in metabolic disorders.

Citations

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A unique tetrasaccharide-containing anchor glycolipid of lipoteichoic acid is commonly found in Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus paragasseri
Tsukasa Shiraishi, Ryosuke Kutomi, Yamaha Sato, Akihito Endo, Satoru Fukiya, Satoshi Takahashi, Atsushi Yokota, Shin-ichi Yokota
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Guixian Ye, Hui Zhang, Qiang Feng, Jianbin Xiao, Jianmin Wang, Jingfeng Liu
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Potential Effects of Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements on Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and the Underlying Mechanisms: A Narrative Review with a Focus on the Modulation of the Gut Microbiota
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2025; 73(46): 29247. CrossRef
Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 Exhibits Superior Adhesion in a Human Intestinal Organoid-Derived Model
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Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Metabolic Interaction between Host and the Gut Microbiota during High-Fat Diet-Induced Colorectal Cancer: Chaeeun Lee, Seungrin Lee, Woongjae Yoo; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(3):153-165. Published online April 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00123-2

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Abstract PDF

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-highest cause of cancer-associated mortality among both men and women worldwide. One of the risk factors for CRC is obesity, which is correlated with a high-fat diet prevalent in Western dietary habits. The association between an obesogenic high-fat diet and CRC has been established for several decades; however, the mechanisms by which a high-fat diet increases the risk of CRC remain unclear. Recent studies indicate that gut microbiota strongly infuence the pathogenesis of both high-fat diet-induced obesity and CRC. The gut microbiota is composed of hundreds of bacterial species, some of which are implicated in CRC. In particular, the expansion of facultative anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae, which is considered a microbial signature of intestinal microbiota functional imbalance (dysbiosis), is associated with both high-fat diet-induced obesity and CRC. Here, we review the interaction between the gut microbiome and its metabolic byproducts in the context of colorectal cancer (CRC) during high-fat diet-induced obesity. In addition, we will cover how a high-fat diet can drive the expansion of genotoxin-producing Escherichia coli by altering intestinal epithelial cell metabolism during gut infammation conditions.

Citations

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Wheat β-glucan reduces obesity and hyperlipidemia in mice with high-fat and high-salt diet by regulating intestinal flora
Min Li, Qingshan Wang, Xiuwei Zhang, Kaikai Li, Meng Niu, Siming Zhao
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 288: 138754. CrossRef
Microbial Metabolites-induced Epigenetic Modifications for Inhibition of Colorectal Cancer: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Vaibhav Singh, Ekta Shirbhate, Rakesh Kore, Subham Vishwakarma, Shadiya Parveen, Ravichandran Veerasamy, Amit K Tiwari, Harish Rajak
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry.2025; 25(1): 76. CrossRef
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Qihang Yuan, Jiahua Liu, Xinyu Wang, Chunchun Du, Yao Zhang, Lin Lin, Chengfang Wang, Zhijun Hong
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Integrating single-cell with transcriptome-proteome Mendelian randomization reveals colorectal cancer targets
Song Wang, Xin Yao, Shenshen Li, Shanshan Wang, Xuyu Huang, Jing Zhou, Xiao Li, Jieying Wen, Weixuan Lan, Yunsi Huang, Hao Li, Yunlong Sun, Xiaoqian Zhao, Qiaoling Chen, Xuedong Han, Ziming Zhu, Xinyue Zhang, Tao Zhang
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Parabacteroides johnsonii inhibits the onset and progression of colorectal cancer by modulating the gut microbiota
Jing Liu, Yong Zhang, Linxiang Xu, Guoli Gu, Zhiwei Dong
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Differences in the faecal microbiome of obese and non-obese pregnant women: a matched cohort study in Sweden
Evangelos Patavoukas, Bangzhuo Tong, Unnur Guðnadóttir, Kyriakos Charalampous, Nele Brusselaers, Ina Schuppe-Koistinen, Lars Engstrand, Emma Fransson, Eva Wiberg-Itzel, Luisa Hugerth
BMC Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
High-Fat Diet: A Paradoxical Factor in the Setting of Type 1 Diabetes
Wan-Ying Lu, Shan-Jie Rong, Shi-Wei Liu, Chun-Liang Yang, Yue-Chen Liu, Heba H Al-Siddiqi, Fei Sun, Cong-Yi Wang
Nutrition Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Mechanisms of Skatole-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells: Implications for Colorectal Cancer and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Katsunori Ishii, Kazuma Naito, Dai Tanaka, Yoshihito Koto, Koichi Kurata, Hidehisa Shimizu
Cells.2024; 13(20): 1730. CrossRef
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Journal Articles

The efficacy of a 2,4-diaminoquinazoline compound as an intranasal vaccine adjuvant to protect against influenza A virus infection in vivo: Kyungseob Noh , Eun Ju Jeong , Timothy An , Jin Soo Shin , Hyejin Kim , Soo Bong Han , Meehyein Kim; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(5):550-559. Published online April 18, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1661-7

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Abstract PDF

Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to enhance antigen- specific immune responses or to protect antigens from rapid elimination. As pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptors 7 (TLR7) and 8 (TLR8) activate the innate immune system by sensing endosomal single-stranded RNA of RNA viruses. Here, we investigated if a 2,4-diaminoquinazolinebased TLR7/8 agonist, (S)-3-((2-amino-8-fluoroquinazolin- 4-yl)amino)hexan-1-ol (named compound 31), could be used as an adjuvant to enhance the serological and mucosal immunity of an inactivated influenza A virus vaccine. The compound induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. In a dose-response analysis, intranasal administration of 1 μg compound 31 together with an inactivated vaccine (0.5 μg) to mice not only enhanced virus-specific IgG and IgA production but also neutralized influenza A virus with statistical significance. Notably, in a virus-challenge model, the combination of the vaccine and compound 31 alleviated viral infection-mediated loss of body weight and increased survival rates by 40% compared with vaccine only-treated mice. We suggest that compound 31 is a promising lead compound for developing mucosal vaccine adjuvants to protect against respiratory RNA viruses such as influenza viruses and potentially coronaviruses.

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Efflux-Enhanced Imidazoquinolines To Exploit Chemoresistance
Muhammad Haroon, Sharmin Sultana, Seyedeh A. Najibi, Emily T. Wang, Abbey Michaelson, Pranto S. M. Al Muied, Amy E. Nielsen, Rock J. Mancini
ACS Omega.2025; 10(12): 12319. CrossRef
Synthetic Cathepsin B Sensitive Adjuvant‐Peptide Conjugates to Target Intracellular Toll‐Like Receptors 7 and 8
Marjolein M. E. Isendoorn, Giulia Castello, Nico J. Meeuwenoord, Martijn Verdoes, Jeroen D. C. Codée, Ferry Ossendorp, Dmitri V. Filippov
ChemistryEurope.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New 2,6,7-Substituted Purine Derivatives as Toll-like Receptor 7 Agonists for Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants
Morgan Kim, Kyungseob Noh, Pyeongkeun Kim, Jae Ho Kim, Byeong Wook Choi, Ravi Singh, Jun-Ho Choi, Soo Bong Han, Seong Soon Kim, Eun-Young Lee, Myung Ae Bae, Daeho Shin, Meehyein Kim, Jin Hee Ahn
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2024; 67(11): 9389. CrossRef
Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Gemcitabine Derivatives against Influenza Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Hyeon-Min Cha, Uk-Il Kim, Soo Bin Ahn, Myoung Kyu Lee, Haemi Lee, Hyungtae Bang, Yejin Jang, Seong Soon Kim, Myung Ae Bae, Kyungjin Kim, Meehyein Kim
ACS Infectious Diseases.2023; 9(4): 1033. CrossRef
Identification of broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against influenza A virus and evaluation of their prophylactic efficacy in mice
Sumin Son, Soo Bin Ahn, Geonyeong Kim, Yejin Jang, Chunkyu Ko, Meehyein Kim, Sang Jick Kim
Antiviral Research.2023; 213: 105591. CrossRef
Inhibition of KIF20A suppresses the replication of influenza A virus by inhibiting viral entry
Hoyeon Jeon, Younghyun Lim, In-Gu Lee, Dong-In Kim, Keun Pil Kim, So-Hee Hong, Jeongkyu Kim, Youn-Sang Jung, Young-Jin Seo
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(11): 1113. CrossRef

The type II histidine triad protein HtpsC facilitates invasion of epithelial cells by highly virulent Streptococcus suis serotype 2: Yunjun Lu , Shu Li , Xiaodong Shen , Yan Zhao , Dongming Zhou , Dan Hu , Xushen Cai , Lixia Lu , Xiaohui Xiong , Ming Li , Min Cao; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(10):949-957. Published online September 7, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1129-1

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Abstract PDF

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that presents a significant threat both to pigs and to workers in the pork industry. The initial steps of S. suis 2 pathogenesis are unclear. In this study, we found that the type II histidine triad protein HtpsC from the highly virulent Chinese isolate 05ZYH33 is structurally similar to internalin A (InlA) from Listeria monocytogenes, which plays an important role in mediating listerial invasion of epithelial cells. To determine if HtpsC and InlA function similarly, an isogenic htpsC mutant (ΔhtpsC) was generated in S. suis by homologous recombination. The htpsC deletion strain exhibited a diminished ability to adhere to and invade epithelial cells from different sources. Double immunofluorescence microscopy also revealed reduced survival of the ΔhtpsC mutant after cocultivation with epithelium. Adhesion to epithelium and invasion by the wild type strain was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against E-cadherin. In contrast, the htpsC-deficient mutant was unaffected by the same treatment, suggesting that E-cadherin is the host-cell receptor that interacts with HtpsC and facilitates bacterial internalization. Based on these results, we propose that HtpsC is involved in the process by which S. suis 2 penetrates host epithelial cells, and that this protein is an important virulence factor associated with cell adhesion and invasion.

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Rapid and specific detection of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 using a RPA–PfAgo system coupled with fluorescence and lateral flow dipstick
Kexin Wang, Xujie Zhao, Jingjing Li, Mingzhu Zhou, Bingze Jiao, Yilin Bai, Zhanwei Teng, Meinan Chang, Yueyu Bai, Jianhe Hu, Ke Ding, Xiaojing Xia
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Genomic and phenotypic analysis of invasive Streptococcus suis isolated in Spain reveals genetic diversification and associated virulence traits
Cristina Uruén, Ana Fernandez, José Luis Arnal, Mateo del Pozo, Maria Casas Amoribieta, Ignacio de Blas, Paula Jurado, Jorge Hugo Calvo, Marcelo Gottschalk, Luis Daniel González-Vázquez, Miguel Arenas, Clara M. Marín, Jesús Arenas
Veterinary Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A rapid colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay based on polyclonal antibodies against HtpsC protein for the detection of Streptococcus suis
Yawei Lu, Sibo Wang, Xushen Cai, Min Cao, Qingyu Lu, Dan Hu, Qiong Chen, Xiaohui Xiong
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Rediscovery of antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic agents: Minkyung Ryu , Jaeyeong Park , Ji-Hyun Yeom , Minju Joo , Kangseok Lee; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(2):113-123. Published online February 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0649-z

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Abstract PDF

In recent years, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is increasing rapidly. There is growing concern as the development of antibiotics is slower than the increase in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternatives to antibiotics. Despite their name, which implies their antimicrobial activity, AMPs have recently been rediscovered as compounds having antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, and insecticidal effects. Moreover, many AMPs are relatively safe from toxic side effects and the generation of resistant microorganisms due to their target specificity and complexity of the mechanisms underlying their action. In this review, we summarize the history, classification, and mechanisms of action of AMPs, and provide descriptions of AMPs undergoing clinical trials. We also discuss the obstacles associated with the development of AMPs as therapeutic agents and recent strategies formulated to circumvent these obstacles.

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Muhammad Asif, Shuang Liang, Hu RenJian, Xin Xie, Zhibo Zhao
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2025; 136: 102506. CrossRef
Mechanistic insights on the antibacterial action of the kyotorphin peptide derivatives revealed by in vitro studies and Galleria mellonella proteomic analysis
Vitor M. de Andrade, Vitor D.M. de Oliveira, Uilla Barcick, Vasanthakumar G. Ramu, Montserrat Heras, Eduard R. Bardají, Miguel A.R.B. Castanho, André Zelanis, Aline Capella, Juliana C. Junqueira, Katia Conceição
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Enhancing Antimicrobial Peptide Activity through Modifications of Charge, Hydrophobicity, and Structure
Przemysław Gagat, Michał Ostrówka, Anna Duda-Madej, Paweł Mackiewicz
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(19): 10821. CrossRef
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Cédric Couturier, Quentin Ronzon, Giulia Lattanzi, Iain Lingard, Sebastien Coyne, Veronique Cazals, Nelly Dubarry, Stephane Yvon, Corinne Leroi-Geissler, Obdulia Rabal Gracia, Joanne Teague, Sylvie Sordello, David Corbett, Caroline Bauch, Chantal Monlong,
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Runfeng Liu, Yuan Yang, Yue Zhang, Qinqiang Sun, Pingchuan Zhu, Huiyan Xu, Wei Zheng, Yangqing Lu, Qiang Fu
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The Journal of Membrane Biology.2023; 256(4-6): 317. CrossRef
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Handan Sevim Akan, Gülcan Şahal, Tuğçe Deniz Karaca, Özer Aylin Gürpınar, Meltem Maraş, Alev Doğan
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Sergii Afonin, Serhii Koniev, Laetitia Préau, Masanari Takamiya, Alexander V. Strizhak, Oleg Babii, Andrii Hrebonkin, Vasyl G. Pivovarenko, Margitta Dathe, Ferdinand le Noble, Sepand Rastegar, Uwe Strähle, Anne S. Ulrich, Igor V. Komarov
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Journal Articles

WasC, a WASP family protein, is involved in cell adhesion and migration through regulation of F-actin polymerization in Dictyostelium: Pyeonghwa Jeon , Taeck Joong Jeon; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):696-702. Published online June 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0138-9

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Abstract PDF

The actin cytoskeleton is involved in the regulation of cell morphology and migration. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome proteins (WASPs) play an important role in controlling actin polymerization by activating the Arp2/3 complex. The present study investigated the roles of WasC, one of the 3 WASPs in Dictyostelium, in cellular processes. Cells lacking WasC displayed strong cell adhesion and approximately 1.5-fold increase in F-actin levels as compared to the wild-type cells. Loss of wasC caused defects in phagocytosis and decreased the migration speed in chemoattractant-mediated cell migration but did not affect directionality. WasC was localized to the protruding region in migrating cells and, transiently and rapidly translocated to the cell cortex in response to chemoattractant stimulation, in an F-actin dependent manner. Our
results
suggest that WasC is involved in cell adhesion and migration by regulating F-actin polymerization at the leading edge of migrating cells, probably as a negative regulator. The increased strength of adhesion in wasC null cells is likely to decrease the migration speed but not the directionality.

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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene as a prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltrates in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Guixin Ding, Tianqi Wang, Shangjing Liu, Zhongbao Zhou, Jian Ma, Jitao Wu
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Dual regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by CARMIL-GAP
Goeh Jung, Miao Pan, Christopher J. Alexander, Tian Jin, John A. Hammer
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Diet-induced obese mice exhibit altered immune responses to early Salmonella Typhimurium oral infection: Ricardo Ernesto Ramírez-Orozco , Elena Franco Robles , Victoriano Pérez Vázquez , Joel Ramírez Emiliano , Marco Antonio Hernández Luna , Sergio López Briones; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(9):673-682. Published online August 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8083-6

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Obesity is a chronic disease associated with different metabolic diseases as well as alterations in immune cell function. It is characterized by a chronic systemic low grade inflammation. There are several studies demonstrating the influence of obesity on the impaired immune response to infection. However, it is not completely clear whether the obese environment influences the development or maintenance of the immune response against infections. The aim of this study was to determine how obesity induced by a high-fat diet affects the immune response to an early oral Salmonella infection. Four groups of mice were kept in separate cages. Two of these designated as controls, fed with a normal diet; whereas other two groups were fed with a high fat diet for 10 weeks. Some mice were used for Salmonella oral infection. After 7 days of oral infection with S. Thypimurium the proportions of spleen cell subsets expressing activation markers in normal diet and HFD obese mice were stained with monoclonal antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. Also, mRNA levels of different cytokines were quantified by RT-PCR. It was found that obesity affects the function of the immune system against an early oral Salmonella infection, decreasing NK cells, altering the expression of activation molecules as well as cytokines mRNA levels. Interestingly, the expression some activation molecules on T lymphocytes was reestablished after Salmonella infection, but not the CD25 expression. Immune alterations could lead to immunosuppression or increased susceptibility to infections in HFD obese mice.

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