Review
- MINIREVIEW]Phytochemicals for the treatment of COVID-19
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Erica Españo , Jiyeon Kim , Kiho Lee , Jeong-Ki Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):959-977. Published online November 1, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1467-z
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Abstract
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has
underscored the lack of approved drugs against acute viral
diseases. Plants are considered inexhaustible sources of drugs
for several diseases and clinical conditions, but plant-derived
compounds have seen little success in the field of antivirals.
Here, we present the case for the use of compounds from vascular
plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols,
and tannins, as antivirals, particularly for the treatment of
COVID-19. We review current evidence for the use of these
phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2 infection and present
their potential targets in the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.
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Citations
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Journal Articles
- Optimization of bacterial sporulation using economic nutrient for self-healing concrete
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Youngung Ryu , Ki-Eun Lee , In-Tae Cha , Woojun Park
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J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):288-296. Published online February 27, 2020
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9580-y
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Abstract
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The use of heat- and alkali-resistant bacteria is essential for
the biological repair of damaged concrete. Lysinibacillus boronitolerans
YS11 was isolated from the rhizosphere of Miscanthus
sacchariflorus. The increased pH in the urea-minus
condition during the growth of the YS11 strain promoted calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) formation. To identify the optimum
medium that promoted the growth of the YS11 strain, a Plackett-
Burman design was conducted for the screening process.
Consequently, malt powder, rice bran, (NH4)2SO4, and corn
syrup were chosen to enhance YS11 growth. The optimization
of these four useful factors was carried out using a central
composite design. To obtain higher survivability in mortar,
the sporulation process is essential, and additional factors
such as Mn2+, Fe2+, and Ca2+ were found to contribute
to sporulation. A mixture of L. boronitolerans YS11 spore
powder, cement, paste, sand, yeast extract, calcium lactate,
and water showed a healing effect on a 0.3 mm mortar crack
in 7 days. Furthermore, calcium carbonate precipitation was
observed over the crack surface. Thus, we confirmed that mortar
treated with YS11 spore powder was effective in healing
micro-cracks in concrete.
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- The hyperthermophilic α-amylase from Thermococcus sp. HJ21 does not require exogenous calcium for thermostability because of high-binding affinity to calcium
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Huaixu Cheng , Zhidan Luo , Mingsheng Lu , Song Gao , Shujun Wang
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J. Microbiol. 2017;55(5):379-387. Published online March 1, 2017
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6416-5
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Abstract
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The hyperthermophilic α-amylase from Thermococcus sp. HJ21 does not require exogenous calcium ions for thermo-stability, and is a promising alternative to commercially avail-able α-amylases to increase the efficiency of industrial pro-cesses like the liquefaction of starch. We analyzed the amino acid sequence of this α-amylase by sequence alignments and structural modeling, and found that this α-amylase closely resembles the α-amylase from Pyrococcus woesei. The gene of this α-amylase was cloned in Escherichia coli and the re-combinant α-amylase was overexpressed and purified with a combined renaturation-purification procedure. We con-firmed thermostability and exogenous calcium ion indepen-dency of the recombinant α-amylase and further investigated the mechanism of the independency using biochemical ap-proaches. The results suggested that the α-amylase has a high calcium ion binding affinity that traps a calcium ion that would not dissociate at high temperatures, providing a direct expla-nation as to why the addition of calcium ions is not required for thermostability. Understanding of the mechanism offers a strong base on which to further engineer properties of this α-amylase for better potential applications in industrial pro-cesses.
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Citations
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Mengyu Zhu, Wenxin Zhai, Runfei Song, Lin Lin, Wei Wei, Dongzhi Wei
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
- Multiple cellular roles of Neurospora crassa plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 in regulation of cytosolic free calcium, carotenoid accumulation, stress responses, and acquisition of thermotolerance§
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Ananya Barman , Ranjan Tamuli
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J. Microbiol. 2015;53(4):226-235. Published online January 31, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4465-1
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Abstract
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Phospholipase C1 (PLC1), secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)
and Ca2+/H+ exchanger proteins regulate calcium signaling
and homeostasis in eukaryotes. In this study, we investigate
functions for phospholipase C1 (plc-1), sPLA2 (splA2) and a
Ca2+/H+ exchanger (cpe-1) in the filamentous fungus Neurospora
crassa. The Δplc-1, ΔsplA2, and Δcpe-1 mutants exhibited
a growth defect on medium supplemented with the
divalent ionophore A23187, suggesting that these genes might
play a role in regulation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration
([Ca2+]c) in N. crassa. The strains lacking plc-1, splA2, and
cpe-1 possessed higher carotenoid content than wild type at
8°C, 22°C, and 30°C, and showed increased ultraviolet (UV)-
survival under conditions that induced carotenoid accumulation.
Moreover, Δplc-1, ΔsplA2, and Δcpe-1 mutants showed
reduced survival rate under hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative
stress and induced thermotolerance after exposure
to heat shock temperatures. Thus, this study revealed multiple
cellular roles for plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 genes in regulation
of [Ca2+]c, carotenoid accumulation, survival under
stress conditions, and acquisition of thermotolerance induced
by heat shock.
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Citations
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- PacC mediates spatial regulation of the phospholipid metabolism in the apple fruit-Penicillium expansum interaction
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Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - The cell functions of phospholipase C-1, Ca2+/H+ exchanger-1, and secretory phospholipase A2 in tolerance to stress conditions and cellulose degradation in Neurospora crassa
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Disrupting a phospholipase A
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gene increasing lipid accumulation in the oleaginous yeast
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J.X. Li, J. Xu, J.C. Ruan, H.M. Meng, H. Su, X.F. Han, M. Lu, F.L. Li, S.A. Wang
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Avishek Roy, Ajeet Kumar, Darshana Baruah, Ranjan Tamuli
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Ajeet Kumar, Avishek Roy, Mandar V. Deshmukh, Ranjan Tamuli
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- Effect of Zinc and Calcium on the Intracelularly uptake of Cadimium and growth of Escherichia coli
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Hong, Hyo Bong , Brown, Lewis R. , Kim, Jong Kyu
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J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):302-306.
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Abstract
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E. coli was tested for their ability to uptake cadmium intracellularly, and the effect of zinc and calcium on cadmium toxicity to E. coli was observed. In addition, the effect of zinc and calcium on the uptake of cadimium was also studied. This study showed that living E. coli cells took up more cadmium than the dead cells. E. coli in the log phase uptake cadimiumm more actively than E. coli in the stationary phase. These results suggested that there may be metabolic reactions or compounds which encourage the uptake of cadimium. This study also showed that cadimium was sequestered by cell components of which molecular weight is about 30,000. Adding of zinc and calcium chloride reduced cadmium toxicity in E. coli and encouraged intracellular uptake by E coli. However adding of heavy metal solutions helped the microorganisms to adsorb more cadmium. Extremely high or low concentrations of zinc, however, did not affect cell viability.
- Calcium in infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNY) infected fish cell lines
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Kim, Nam Shik , Heo, Gnag Joon , Lee, Chang Hee
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J. Microbiol. 1996;34(3):263-269.
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Abstract
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Infection of fish cells with IHNV resulted in gradual increase in cytosolic free Ca^2+ concentration ([Ca^2+]) in CHSE, gradual decrease in [Ca^2+] in FHM, and no significant change in RTG cells. The degree of [Ca^2+] increase or decrease was dependent on the amount of infectious virus, and these [Ca^2+] variations were maximal at 16 hours after virus infection (p.i.) in both cell lines. When the fish cells were infected with inactivated IHNV, evident variation in [Ca^2+] was not observed. Thus, infectivity of IHNV appears to correlate with changes in [Ca^2+] in virus-infected cells. These IHNV-induced [Ca^2+] changes were partially blocked by cycloheximide, but not affected by cordycepin. It seems to be that virus-induced Ca^2+ variations were more related with protein synthesis than RNA synthesis. Various Ca^2+ related drugs were used in search for the mechanisms of the [Ca^2+], changes following IHNV infection of CHSE cells. Decreasing extracellular Ca^2+ concentration or blocking Ca^2+ influx from extracellular media inhibited the IHNV-induced increase in [Ca^2+], in CHSE cells. Similar results were obtained with intracellular Ca^2+ sources are important in IHNV-induced [Ca^2+] increase in CHSE cells.
- Stage-specific change and regulation of endogenous protein phosphorylation in allomyces macrogynus
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Park, Young Shik , Oh, Keun Hee , Lee, Soo Woong , Seong, Chang Soo , Park, I Ha , Yim, Jeong Bin
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J. Microbiol. 1996;34(4):374-378.
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Abstract
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In the aquatic fungus Allomyces macrogynus the effects of Ca^2+ and cAMP on the intracellular signal transduction of zeoospore germination were studied using in vitro protein phosphorylation assay system. An endogenuously phosphorylated protein (p50) having molecular weight of 50 kDa on SDS-PAGE was found in soluble fractions of both zeoospore and mycelium. In zoospore extract, the endogenous phophorylation of p50 was weak without any effectors, but was enhanced by Ca^2+ and even more by cAMP. Phosphorylation of the same protein in mycelial extract was high only in the absence of cAMP. Irrespective of the presence of Ca^2+ and cAMP, its phosphorylation was antagonistically suppressed in assay of combined zoospore and mycelial extracts. These results suggest that p50 is interconvertible in phosphorylation/dephosphorylation as a novel protein involved in germination of A. macrogynus. The antagonistic effect of cAMP to the phosphorylation of p50s from different developmental stages may be important in the regulation of cellular differentiation.
- Purification and Properties of Novel Calcium-binding Proteins from Streptomyces coelicolor
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Chang, Ji Hun , Yoon, Soon Sang , Lhee, Sang Moon , Park, I Ha , Jung, Do Young , Park, Yong Sik , Yim, Jeong Bin
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J. Microbiol. 1999;37(1):21-26.
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Abstract
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Two novel calcium-binding proteins, named CAB-I and CAB-II, have been isolated from Streptomyces coelicolor. Purification of the calcium-binding proteins involved heat treatment, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, acid treatment, anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction column chromatography, FPLC gel filtration, and preparative isoelectric focusing. A chelex competitive assay and ^45Ca autoradiography verified the calcium-binding ability of the proteins. The major band CAB-II has an apparent molecular weight of 26,000 determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 340,000 determined by gel filtration. The isoelectric point of this molecule showed the acidic nature of the molecule. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis shows homology to rat Ca^2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CAB-II) and yeast phosphoprotein phosphatase (CAB-I).
- Induction of Apoptosis in Human Monocytes by Human Cytomegalovirus is Related with Calcium Increase
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Myung Sook Moon , Gyu Cheol Lee , Chan H. Lee
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J. Microbiol. 2002;40(3):224-229.
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Abstract
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The effect of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) on three human monocyte cell lines at different stages of differentiation was investigated. While the viability of HL-60 cells or U-937 cells was not significantly affected by HCMV infection, the viability of THP-1 cells was reduced. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining revealed that the reduction of THP-1 cell viability was due to increased apoptotic death following HCMV infection. Apoptosis in HL-60 cells was not affected by HCMV infection, and induction of apoptosis of U-937 cells by HCMV was intermediate between HL-60 and THP-1 cells. Since HL-60 cells are the least differentiated and THP-1 cells are the most differentiated, the induction of apoptosis of human monocytes appears to be related to the degree of cell differentiation. Flow cytometric and confocal microscopic studies using fluorescent calcium indicator Fluo-3 suggested a significant increase in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca^2+ ]_i ) in THP-1 cells undergoing apoptosis by HCMV infection. Again [Ca^2+ ]_i in HCMV-infected HL-60 cells was not critically altered, and that in HCMV-infected U-937 cells was intermediate between THP-1 cells and HL-60 cells. Calcium influx blockers such as verapamil and nifedipine partially reversed HCMV-induced apoptosis in THP-1 cells.