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Review
MINIREVIEW]Phytochemicals for the treatment of COVID-19
Erica Españo , Jiyeon Kim , Kiho Lee , Jeong-Ki Kim
J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):959-977.   Published online November 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1467-z
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  • 17 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has underscored the lack of approved drugs against acute viral diseases. Plants are considered inexhaustible sources of drugs for several diseases and clinical conditions, but plant-derived compounds have seen little success in the field of antivirals. Here, we present the case for the use of compounds from vascular plants, including alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins, as antivirals, particularly for the treatment of COVID-19. We review current evidence for the use of these phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2 infection and present their potential targets in the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.

Citations

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  • Role of dietary supplements in the continuous battle against COVID‐19
    Rahela Zaman, Vignesh Ravichandran, Chung Keat Tan
    Phytotherapy Research.2024; 38(2): 1071.     CrossRef
  • The Potential of Anti-coronavirus Plant Secondary Metabolites in COVID-19 Drug Discovery as an Alternative to Repurposed Drugs: A Review
    Zahra Alipour, Somayeh Zarezadeh, Ali Akbar Ghotbi-Ravandi
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  • In Silico Screening of Some Active Phytochemicals to Identify Promising Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2 Targets
    V. Alagarsamy, V. Raja Solomon, S. Murugesan, P. Shyam Sundar, MD. Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman, A. Chandu, A. Dharshini Aishwarya, B. Narendhar, M.T. Sulthana, V. Ravikumar
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    Julianna N. Morris, Malak A. Esseili
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    Suneetha Vuppu, Toshika Mishra, Shatakshi Mishra, Stany B, Anushka Das
    Natural Resources for Human Health.2023; 4(1): 51.     CrossRef
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    John V. Schloss
    Inflammopharmacology.2023; 31(2): 573.     CrossRef
  • Curcumin-Based Nanomedicines in the Treatment of Inflammatory and Immunomodulated Diseases: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Review
    Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Gabriel Magno de Carvalho, Bárbara de Oliveira Zanuso, Maria Eduardo Figueira, Rosa Direito, Ricardo de Alvares Goulart, Daiene Santos Buglio, Sandra Maria Barbalho
    Pharmaceutics.2023; 15(1): 229.     CrossRef
  • Changes in phytochemical compositions and antioxidant activity of Schisandra sphenathera fruit during ripening
    Bohan Ma, Xinghua Zhao, Bin Dai, Mengge Zhao, Xingbin Yang, Langjun Cui, Hongjun Shao
    Industrial Crops and Products.2023; 199: 116773.     CrossRef
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    Luxita Sharma, Dhananjay Sharma
    Nutrition & Food Science.2023; 53(4): 659.     CrossRef
  • Current Update of Phytotherapeutic Agents in the Treatment of COVID-19: In-Silico Based Virtual Screening Approach for the Development of Antiviral Drug
    Veena Ramesh, Seema A. Kulkarni, Palaniyandi Velusamy, Velmurugan Devadasan, Panneer Devaraju, Kandathil Narayanan Rajnish, Thirumurthy Madhavan, Periasamy Anbu, Palaniappan Ramasamy, Rajamanikandan Sundarraj
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    Jalaledin Mirzay-Razaz, Majid Hassanghomi, Marjan Ajami, Glareh Koochakpoor, Firoozeh Hosseini-Esfahani, Parvin Mirmiran
    BMC Nutrition.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Beneficial effect of polyphenols in COVID‐19 and the ectopic F1FO‐ATP synthase: Is there a link?
    Isabella Panfoli, Alfonso Esposito
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry.2022; 123(8): 1281.     CrossRef
  • In vitro inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infection by dry algae powders
    Daniel Garcia-Ruiz, Erendira Villalobos-Sánchez, David Alam-Escamilla, Darwin Elizondo-Quiroga
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  • Schizophyllum commune Reduces Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptors ACE2 and TMPRSS2
    Te-Kai Sun, Wen-Chin Huang, Yu-Wen Sun, Jeng-Shyan Deng, Liang-Hsuan Chien, Ya-Ni Chou, Wen-Ping Jiang, Jaung-Geng Lin, Guan-Jhong Huang
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    Shiv Kumar Prajapati, Akanksha Malaiya, Gaurav Mishra, Dolly Jain, Payal Kesharwani, Nishi Mody, Amirhossein Ahmadi, Rishi Paliwal, Ankit Jain
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  • Computational screening for investigating the synergistic regulatory potential of drugs and phytochemicals in combination with 2-deoxy-D-glucose against SARS-CoV-2
    Anshika Gupta, Shweta Singh Chauhan, Anamika Singh Gaur, Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi
    Structural Chemistry.2022; 33(6): 2179.     CrossRef
  • BOTANICALS AS PROSPECTIVE AGENTS AGAINST SARS-COV-2 VIRUS
    V. DUSHENKOV, A. DUSHENKOV
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Journal Articles
Optimization of bacterial sporulation using economic nutrient for self-healing concrete
Youngung Ryu , Ki-Eun Lee , In-Tae Cha , Woojun Park
J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):288-296.   Published online February 27, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9580-y
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  • 17 Web of Science
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
The use of heat- and alkali-resistant bacteria is essential for the biological repair of damaged concrete. Lysinibacillus boronitolerans YS11 was isolated from the rhizosphere of Miscanthus sacchariflorus. The increased pH in the urea-minus condition during the growth of the YS11 strain promoted calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formation. To identify the optimum medium that promoted the growth of the YS11 strain, a Plackett- Burman design was conducted for the screening process. Consequently, malt powder, rice bran, (NH4)2SO4, and corn syrup were chosen to enhance YS11 growth. The optimization of these four useful factors was carried out using a central composite design. To obtain higher survivability in mortar, the sporulation process is essential, and additional factors such as Mn2+, Fe2+, and Ca2+ were found to contribute to sporulation. A mixture of L. boronitolerans YS11 spore powder, cement, paste, sand, yeast extract, calcium lactate, and water showed a healing effect on a 0.3 mm mortar crack in 7 days. Furthermore, calcium carbonate precipitation was observed over the crack surface. Thus, we confirmed that mortar treated with YS11 spore powder was effective in healing micro-cracks in concrete.

Citations

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    Abdullah Faisal Alshalif, Y M Azril, J M Irwan, A Mutafi, Honin Ali Yahya Alshaeer, S J S Hakim
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    Ronald Turner, Gloria M. Castro, James Minto, Grainne El Mountassir, Rebecca J. Lunn
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    Abdullah F. Alshalif, M. Irwan Juki, Husnul Azan Tajarudin, N. Othman, Adel Ali Al-Gheethi, S. Shamsudin, Wahid Altowayti, Saddam Abo Sabah
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The hyperthermophilic α-amylase from Thermococcus sp. HJ21 does not require exogenous calcium for thermostability because of high-binding affinity to calcium
Huaixu Cheng , Zhidan Luo , Mingsheng Lu , Song Gao , Shujun Wang
J. Microbiol. 2017;55(5):379-387.   Published online March 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6416-5
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AbstractAbstract
The hyperthermophilic α-amylase from Thermococcus sp. HJ21 does not require exogenous calcium ions for thermo-stability, and is a promising alternative to commercially avail-able α-amylases to increase the efficiency of industrial pro-cesses like the liquefaction of starch. We analyzed the amino acid sequence of this α-amylase by sequence alignments and structural modeling, and found that this α-amylase closely resembles the α-amylase from Pyrococcus woesei. The gene of this α-amylase was cloned in Escherichia coli and the re-combinant α-amylase was overexpressed and purified with a combined renaturation-purification procedure. We con-firmed thermostability and exogenous calcium ion indepen-dency of the recombinant α-amylase and further investigated the mechanism of the independency using biochemical ap-proaches. The results suggested that the α-amylase has a high calcium ion binding affinity that traps a calcium ion that would not dissociate at high temperatures, providing a direct expla-nation as to why the addition of calcium ions is not required for thermostability. Understanding of the mechanism offers a strong base on which to further engineer properties of this α-amylase for better potential applications in industrial pro-cesses.

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  • Enhanced Thermostability of Geobacillus stearothermophilus α-Amylase by Rational Design of Disulfide Bond and Application in Corn Starch Liquefaction and Bread Quality Improvement
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    Suraj Mital, Graham Christie, Duygu Dikicioglu
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Multiple cellular roles of Neurospora crassa plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 in regulation of cytosolic free calcium, carotenoid accumulation, stress responses, and acquisition of thermotolerance§
Ananya Barman , Ranjan Tamuli
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(4):226-235.   Published online January 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4465-1
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  • 21 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Phospholipase C1 (PLC1), secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and Ca2+/H+ exchanger proteins regulate calcium signaling and homeostasis in eukaryotes. In this study, we investigate functions for phospholipase C1 (plc-1), sPLA2 (splA2) and a Ca2+/H+ exchanger (cpe-1) in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. The Δplc-1, ΔsplA2, and Δcpe-1 mutants exhibited a growth defect on medium supplemented with the divalent ionophore A23187, suggesting that these genes might play a role in regulation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) in N. crassa. The strains lacking plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 possessed higher carotenoid content than wild type at 8°C, 22°C, and 30°C, and showed increased ultraviolet (UV)- survival under conditions that induced carotenoid accumulation. Moreover, Δplc-1, ΔsplA2, and Δcpe-1 mutants showed reduced survival rate under hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and induced thermotolerance after exposure to heat shock temperatures. Thus, this study revealed multiple cellular roles for plc-1, splA2, and cpe-1 genes in regulation of [Ca2+]c, carotenoid accumulation, survival under stress conditions, and acquisition of thermotolerance induced by heat shock.

Citations

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  • PacC mediates spatial regulation of the phospholipid metabolism in the apple fruit-Penicillium expansum interaction
    Yatong Zhu, Yuanyuan Zong, Di Gong, Xuexue Wang, William Oyom, Yang Bi, Dov Prusky
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  • Trichosporon asahii PLA2 Gene Enhances Drug Resistance to Azoles by Improving Drug Efflux and Biofilm Formation
    Xiaoping Ma, Hong Liu, Zhen Liu, Ya Wang, Zhijun Zhong, Guangneng Peng, Yu Gu
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    Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Effect of Zinc and Calcium on the Intracelularly uptake of Cadimium and growth of Escherichia coli
Hong, Hyo Bong , Brown, Lewis R. , Kim, Jong Kyu
J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):302-306.
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AbstractAbstract
E. coli was tested for their ability to uptake cadmium intracellularly, and the effect of zinc and calcium on cadmium toxicity to E. coli was observed. In addition, the effect of zinc and calcium on the uptake of cadimium was also studied. This study showed that living E. coli cells took up more cadmium than the dead cells. E. coli in the log phase uptake cadimiumm more actively than E. coli in the stationary phase. These results suggested that there may be metabolic reactions or compounds which encourage the uptake of cadimium. This study also showed that cadimium was sequestered by cell components of which molecular weight is about 30,000. Adding of zinc and calcium chloride reduced cadmium toxicity in E. coli and encouraged intracellular uptake by E coli. However adding of heavy metal solutions helped the microorganisms to adsorb more cadmium. Extremely high or low concentrations of zinc, however, did not affect cell viability.
Calcium in infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNY) infected fish cell lines
Kim, Nam Shik , Heo, Gnag Joon , Lee, Chang Hee
J. Microbiol. 1996;34(3):263-269.
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AbstractAbstract
Infection of fish cells with IHNV resulted in gradual increase in cytosolic free Ca^2+ concentration ([Ca^2+]) in CHSE, gradual decrease in [Ca^2+] in FHM, and no significant change in RTG cells. The degree of [Ca^2+] increase or decrease was dependent on the amount of infectious virus, and these [Ca^2+] variations were maximal at 16 hours after virus infection (p.i.) in both cell lines. When the fish cells were infected with inactivated IHNV, evident variation in [Ca^2+] was not observed. Thus, infectivity of IHNV appears to correlate with changes in [Ca^2+] in virus-infected cells. These IHNV-induced [Ca^2+] changes were partially blocked by cycloheximide, but not affected by cordycepin. It seems to be that virus-induced Ca^2+ variations were more related with protein synthesis than RNA synthesis. Various Ca^2+ related drugs were used in search for the mechanisms of the [Ca^2+], changes following IHNV infection of CHSE cells. Decreasing extracellular Ca^2+ concentration or blocking Ca^2+ influx from extracellular media inhibited the IHNV-induced increase in [Ca^2+], in CHSE cells. Similar results were obtained with intracellular Ca^2+ sources are important in IHNV-induced [Ca^2+] increase in CHSE cells.
Stage-specific change and regulation of endogenous protein phosphorylation in allomyces macrogynus
Park, Young Shik , Oh, Keun Hee , Lee, Soo Woong , Seong, Chang Soo , Park, I Ha , Yim, Jeong Bin
J. Microbiol. 1996;34(4):374-378.
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AbstractAbstract
In the aquatic fungus Allomyces macrogynus the effects of Ca^2+ and cAMP on the intracellular signal transduction of zeoospore germination were studied using in vitro protein phosphorylation assay system. An endogenuously phosphorylated protein (p50) having molecular weight of 50 kDa on SDS-PAGE was found in soluble fractions of both zeoospore and mycelium. In zoospore extract, the endogenous phophorylation of p50 was weak without any effectors, but was enhanced by Ca^2+ and even more by cAMP. Phosphorylation of the same protein in mycelial extract was high only in the absence of cAMP. Irrespective of the presence of Ca^2+ and cAMP, its phosphorylation was antagonistically suppressed in assay of combined zoospore and mycelial extracts. These results suggest that p50 is interconvertible in phosphorylation/dephosphorylation as a novel protein involved in germination of A. macrogynus. The antagonistic effect of cAMP to the phosphorylation of p50s from different developmental stages may be important in the regulation of cellular differentiation.
Purification and Properties of Novel Calcium-binding Proteins from Streptomyces coelicolor
Chang, Ji Hun , Yoon, Soon Sang , Lhee, Sang Moon , Park, I Ha , Jung, Do Young , Park, Yong Sik , Yim, Jeong Bin
J. Microbiol. 1999;37(1):21-26.
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AbstractAbstract
Two novel calcium-binding proteins, named CAB-I and CAB-II, have been isolated from Streptomyces coelicolor. Purification of the calcium-binding proteins involved heat treatment, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, acid treatment, anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction column chromatography, FPLC gel filtration, and preparative isoelectric focusing. A chelex competitive assay and ^45Ca autoradiography verified the calcium-binding ability of the proteins. The major band CAB-II has an apparent molecular weight of 26,000 determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 340,000 determined by gel filtration. The isoelectric point of this molecule showed the acidic nature of the molecule. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis shows homology to rat Ca^2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CAB-II) and yeast phosphoprotein phosphatase (CAB-I).
Induction of Apoptosis in Human Monocytes by Human Cytomegalovirus is Related with Calcium Increase
Myung Sook Moon , Gyu Cheol Lee , Chan H. Lee
J. Microbiol. 2002;40(3):224-229.
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AbstractAbstract
The effect of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) on three human monocyte cell lines at different stages of differentiation was investigated. While the viability of HL-60 cells or U-937 cells was not significantly affected by HCMV infection, the viability of THP-1 cells was reduced. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining revealed that the reduction of THP-1 cell viability was due to increased apoptotic death following HCMV infection. Apoptosis in HL-60 cells was not affected by HCMV infection, and induction of apoptosis of U-937 cells by HCMV was intermediate between HL-60 and THP-1 cells. Since HL-60 cells are the least differentiated and THP-1 cells are the most differentiated, the induction of apoptosis of human monocytes appears to be related to the degree of cell differentiation. Flow cytometric and confocal microscopic studies using fluorescent calcium indicator Fluo-3 suggested a significant increase in intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca^2+ ]_i ) in THP-1 cells undergoing apoptosis by HCMV infection. Again [Ca^2+ ]_i in HCMV-infected HL-60 cells was not critically altered, and that in HCMV-infected U-937 cells was intermediate between THP-1 cells and HL-60 cells. Calcium influx blockers such as verapamil and nifedipine partially reversed HCMV-induced apoptosis in THP-1 cells.

Journal of Microbiology : Journal of Microbiology
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