Journal of Microbiology

Review

Reverse Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review: Chiranjib Chakraborty, Manojit Bhattacharya, Md Aminul Islam, Hatem Zayed, Elijah Ige Ohimain, Sang-Soo Lee, Prosun Bhattacharya, Kuldeep Dhama; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(5):337-354. Published online May 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00138-9

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Reverse zoonosis reveals the process of transmission of a pathogen through the human-animal interface and the spillback of the zoonotic pathogen. In this article, we methodically demonstrate various aspects of reverse zoonosis, with a comprehensive discussion of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV reverse zoonosis. First, different components of reverse zoonosis, such as humans, different pathogens, and numerous animals (poultry, livestock, pets, wild animals, and zoo animals), have been demonstrated. Second, it explains the present status of reverse zoonosis with different pathogens during previous occurrences of various outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Here, we present 25 examples from literature. Third, using several examples, we comprehensively illustrate the present status of the reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. Here, we have provided 17 examples of SARS-CoV-2 reverse zoonosis and two examples of MPXV reverse zoonosis. Fourth, we have described two significant aspects of reverse zoonosis: understanding the fundamental aspects of spillback and awareness. These two aspects are required to prevent reverse zoonosis from the current infection with two significant viruses. Finally, the One Health approach was discussed vividly, where we urge scientists from different areas to work collaboratively to solve the issue of reverse zoonosis.

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Development of a multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of monkeypox virus clades I, II, and goatpox virus
Yongqiang Lin, Zijing Guo, Jinsong Chen, Xianwen Zhang, Long Zhou, Yanmin Li, Zhidong Zhang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Journal Articles

Rhizosphere Microbial Community and Metabolites of Susceptible and Resistant Tobacco Cultivars to Bacterial Wilt: Wan Zhao , Yanyan Li , Chunlei Yang , Yong Yang , Yun Hu; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):389-402. Published online March 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00012-0

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Abstract

Soil-borne diseases are closely related to rhizosphere microecosystem. While, plant species and genotypes are important factors affected rhizosphere microecosystem. In this study, the rhizosphere soil microbial community and metabolites of susceptible and resistant tobacco cultivars were investigated. The results showed that there were significant differences in the rhizosphere microbial community and metabolites between susceptible cultivar Yunyan87 and resistant cultivar Fandi3. Furthermore, the rhizosphere soil of Fandi3 showed a higher microbial diversity than that of Yunyan87. The abundance of R. solanacearum was much higher in the rhizosphere soil of Yunyan87 than in the rhizosphere soil of Fandi3, resulting in a higher disease incidence and index. While the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of Fandi3 were higher than that of Yunyan87. Additionally, there were significant differences in metabolites between Yunyan87 and Fandi3 cultivars, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, vamillic aldehyde, benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phthalic acid were notably high in Yunyan87. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the rhizosphere microbial community of Fandi3 and Yunyan87 were highly correlated with various environmental factors and metabolites. Overall, susceptible and resistant tobacco cultivars had different impact on rhizosphere microbial community and metabolites. The results expand our understanding of the roles of tobacco cultivars in plant-micro-ecosystem interactions, and provide a basis for the control of tobacco bacterial wilt.

Citations

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MAPK Cascades in Plant Microbiota Structure and Functioning
Thijs Van Gerrewey, Hoo Sun Chung
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(3): 231. CrossRef
Response of Soil Microorganisms and Phenolic to Pseudostelariae heterophylla Cultivation in Different Soil Types
Yingying Liu, Dan Wu, Yongjun Kan, Li Zhao, Chang Jiang, Wensheng Pang, Juan Hu, Meilan Zhou
Eurasian Soil Science.2024; 57(3): 446. CrossRef
Response of bacterial community metabolites to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum: a multi-omics analysis
Chengjian Wei, Jinchang Liang, Rui Wang, Luping Chi, Wenjing Wang, Jun Tan, Heli Shi, Xueru Song, Zhenzhen Cui, Qiang Xie, Dejie Cheng, Xiaoqiang Wang
Frontiers in Plant Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Composition and Function of the Rhizosphere Bacterial Community of Paeonia lactiflora Varies with the Cultivar
Liping Yang, Xin Wan, Runyang Zhou, Yingdan Yuan
Biology.2023; 12(11): 1363. CrossRef
Analysis of the response mechanisms of Pinellia ternata to terahertz wave stresses using transcriptome and metabolic data
Dongdong Wang, Surendra Sarsaiya, Xu Qian, Leilei Jin, Fuxing Shu, Chuanyou Zhang, Jishuang Chen
Frontiers in Plant Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Impact of small RNA RaoN on nitrosative-oxidative stress resistance and virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium: Sinyeon Kim , Yong Heon Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(6):499-506. Published online April 11, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0027-2

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Abstract

RaoN is a Salmonella-specific small RNA that is encoded in the cspH-envE intergenic region on Salmonella pathogenicity island-11. We previously reported that RaoN is induced under conditions of acid and oxidative stress combined with nutrient limitation, contributing to the intramacrophage growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. However, the role of RaoN in nitrosative stress response and virulence has not yet been elucidated. Here we show that the raoN mutant strain has increased susceptibility to nitrosative stress by using a nitric oxide generating acidified nitrite. Extending previous research on the role of RaoN in oxidative stress resistance, we found that NADPH oxidase inhibition restores the growth of the raoN mutant in LPS-treated J774A.1 macrophages. Flow cytometry analysis further revealed that the inactivation of raoN leads to an increase in the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Salmonella-infected macrophages, suggesting that RaoN is involved in the inhibition of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production by mechanisms not yet resolved. Moreover, we evaluated the effect of raoN mutation on the virulence in murine systemic infection and determined that the raoN mutant is less virulent than the wild-type strain following oral inoculation. In
conclusion
, small regulatory RNA RaoN controls nitrosativeoxidative stress resistance and is required for virulence of Salmonella in mice.

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The Salmonella enterica EnvE is an Outer Membrane Lipoprotein and Its Gene Expression Leads to Transcriptional Repression of the Virulence Gene msgA
Sinyeon Kim, Yong Heon Lee
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Functions of Small Non-Coding RNAs in Salmonella–Host Interactions
Xia Meng, Mengping He, Pengpeng Xia, Jinqiu Wang, Heng Wang, Guoqiang Zhu
Biology.2022; 11(9): 1283. CrossRef
Detoxification Response of Pseudomonas fluorescens MFAF76a to Gaseous Pollutants NO2 and NO
Thibault Chautrand, Ségolène Depayras, Djouhar Souak, Mathilde Bouteiller, Tatiana Kondakova, Magalie Barreau, Mohamed Amine Ben Mlouka, Julie Hardouin, Yoan Konto-Ghiorghi, Sylvie Chevalier, Annabelle Merieau, Nicole Orange, Cécile Duclairoir-Poc
Microorganisms.2022; 10(8): 1576. CrossRef
Regulator of RNase E activity modulates the pathogenicity of Salmonella Typhimurium
Jaejin Lee, Eunkyoung Shin, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Jaeyoung Park, Sunwoo Kim, Minho Lee, Kangseok Lee
Microbial Pathogenesis.2022; 165: 105460. CrossRef
Gaseous NO2 induces various envelope alterations in Pseudomonas fluorescens MFAF76a
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Review

REVIEW] The contribution of Aspergillus fumigatus stress responses to virulence and antifungal resistance: Neil A. Brown , Gustavo H. Goldman; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):243-253. Published online February 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5510-4

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Abstract

Invasive aspergillosis has emerged as one of the most common life-threatening fungal disease of humans. The emergence of antifungal resistant pathogens represents a current and increasing threat to society. In turn, new strategies to combat fungal infection are urgently required. Fungal adaptations to stresses experienced within the human host are a prerequisite for the survival and virulence strategies of the pathogen. Here, we review the latest information on the signalling pathways in Aspergillus fumigatus that contribute to stress adaptations and virulence, while highlighting their potential as targets for the development of novel combinational antifungal therapies.

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Jeong-Yoon Kim
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Ariane Cristina Mendes de Oliveira Bruder Nascimento, Thaila Fernanda dos Reis, Patrícia Alves de Castro, Juliana I. Hori, Vinícius Leite Pedro Bom, Leandro José de Assis, Leandra Naira Zambelli Ramalho, Marina Campos Rocha, Iran Malavazi, Neil Andrew Bro
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Nicola M. Moloney, Rebecca A. Owens, Sean Doyle
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Sven Krappmann
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Daisuke Hagiwara, Akira Watanabe, Katsuhiko Kamei, Gustavo H. Goldman
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Retracted Publication

NOTE] Identification of the Vibrio vulnificus htpG Gene and Its Influence on Cold Shock Recovery: Slae Choi , Kyungku Jang , Seulah Choi , Hee-jee Yun , Dong-Hyun Kang; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(4):707-711. Published online August 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2294-z

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Abstract: An htpG gene encoding the heat shock protein HtpG was identified and cloned from Vibrio vulnificus. The deduced amino acid sequence of HtpG from V. vulnificus exhibited 71 and 85% identity to those reported from Escherichia coli and V. cholera, respectively. Functions of HtpG were assessed by the construction of an isogenic mutant whose htpG gene was deleted and by evaluating its phenotype changes during and after cold shock. The results demonstrated that recovery of the wild type from cold shock was significantly faster (p<0.05) than that of the htpG mutant, and indicated that the chaperone protein HtpG contributes to cold shock recovery, rather than cold shock tolerance, of V. vulnificus.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Protection Against Helicobacter pylori Infection by a Trivalent Fusion Vaccine Based on a Fragment of Urease B-UreB414: Li Wang Wang , Xiao-Fei Liu , Shi Yun , Xiao-Peng Yuan , Xu-Hu Mao , Chao Wu , Wei-Jun Zhang , Kai-Yun Liu , Gang Guo , Dong-Shui Lu , Wen-De Tong , Ai-Dong Wen , Quan-Ming Zou; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(2):223-228. Published online May 1, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0233-4

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14 Scopus

Abstract: A multivalent fusion vaccine is a promising option for protection against Helicobacter pylori infection. In this study, UreB414 was identified as an antigenic fragment of urease B subunit (UreB) and it induced an antibody inhibiting urease activity. Immunization with UreB414 partially protected mice from H. pylori infection. Furthermore, a trivalent fusion vaccine was constructed by genetically linking heat shock protein A (HspA), H. pylori adhesin A (HpaA), and UreB414, resulting in recombinant HspA-HpaA-UreB414 (rHHU). Its protective effect against H. pylori infection was tested in BALB/c mice. Oral administration of rHHU significantly protected mice from H. pylori infection, which was associated with H. pylori-specific antibody production and Th1/Th2-type immune responses. The results show that a trivalent fusion vaccine efficiently combats H. pylori infection, and that an antigenic fragment of the protein can be used instead of the whole protein to construct a multivalent vaccine.

Heat Shock Causes Oxidative Stress and Induces a Variety of Cell Rescue Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377: Il-Sup Kim , Hye-Youn Moon , Hae-Sun Yun , Ingnyol Jin; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(5):492-501.; DOI: https://doi.org/2449 [pii]

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Abstract: In this study, we attempted to characterize the physiological response to oxidative stress by heat shock in Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377 (KNU5377) that ferments at a temperature of 40°C. The KNU5377 strain evidenced a very similar growth rate at 40°C as was recorded under normal conditions. Unlike the laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae, the cell viability of KNU5377 was affected slightly under 2 hours of heat stress conditions at 43°C. KNU5377 evidenced a time-dependent increase in hydroperoxide levels, carbonyl contents, and malondialdehyde (MDA), which increased in the expression of a variety of cell rescue proteins containing Hsp104p, Ssap, Hsp30p, Sod1p, catalase, glutathione reductase, G6PDH, thioredoxin, thioredoxin peroxidase (Tsa1p), Adhp, Aldp, trehalose and glycogen at high temperature. Pma1/2p, Hsp90p and H+-ATPase expression levels were reduced as the result of exposure to heat shock. With regard to cellular fatty acid composition, levels of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) were increased significantly at high temperatures (43°C), and this was particularly true of oleic acid (C18:1). The results of this study indicated that oxidative stress as the result of heat shock may induce a more profound stimulation of trehalose, antioxidant enzymes, and heat shock proteins, as well as an increase in the USFAs ratios. This might contribute to cellular protective functions for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and may also contribute to membrane fluidity.

Journal Article

Proteomic Analysis of Protein Expression in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Response to Temperature Shift: Myoung-Ro Lee , Song-Mee Bae , Tong-Soo Kim , Kwang-Jun Lee; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(4):375-382.; DOI: https://doi.org/2417 [pii]

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Abstract: From its initial colonization to causation of disease, Streptococcus pneumoniae has evolved strategies to cope with a number of stressful in vivo environmental conditions. In order to analyze a global view of this organism’s response to heat shock, we established a 2-D electrophoresis proteome map of the S. pneumoniae D39 soluble proteins under in vitro culture conditions and performed the comparative proteome analysis to a 37 to 42°C temperature up-shift in S. pneumoniae. When the temperature of an exponentially growing S. pneumoniae D39 culture was raised to 42°C, the expression level of 25 proteins showed changes when compared to the control. Among these 25 proteins, 12 were identified by MALDI-TOF and LC-coupled ESI MS/MS. The identified proteins were shown to be involved in the general stress response, energy metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis pathways, and purine metabolism. These results provide clues for understanding the mechanism of adaptation to heat shock by S. pneumoniae and may facilitate the assessment <br>of a possible role for these proteins in the physiology and pathogenesis of this pathogen.

Heat Inducible Expression of the CDC70 Gene under the Control of Heat Shock Element in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Lee, Seok Jae , Jahng, Kwang Yeop , Lee Young Hoon , Chae, Keon Sang; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(3):196-200.

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Abstract: In order to express the CDC70 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by heat shock, we have designed heat inducibe hybrid promoters using the Drosophila melanogaster heat shock elements (HSEs). A 220 bp-long upstream fragment of the D. melanogaster hsp70 gene comprised of four HSEs was placed upstream of the putative proximal TATA box of the CDC70 gene. Hybrid promoters containing different fusion joints were tested for their ability to drive the CDC70 gene expression by heat shock. The results showed that the HSEs of D. melanogaster conferred the heat-induced CDC70 gene expression, but the heat inducibility was much lower than that in D. melanogaster.

Induced Level of CIN2 Gene Transcripts in yeast by Cycloheximide Treatment: Lee , Myeong Sok; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(1):46-50.

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Abstract: The interrelationship of expression of the two adjacent genes, HSP82 and CIN2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. The two genes are very close each other, such that the poly(A) addition site of the HSP82 gene is likely to be immediately followed by the promoter region of the CIN2 gene. Thus, transcription of the upstream HSP82 gene might affect expression of the CIN2 gene via promoter occlusion. Based on HSP82 and CIN2 mRNA analysis of the wild type, disruption mutant of the HAP82 gene, and conditional RNA polymerase II mutant strains, I conclude that CIN2 transcription is not affected by HSP82 transcription. However, surprisingly the level of CIN2 gene transcripts, but not HSP82, is heightened by cycloheximide treatment, presumably due to an increase in its stability. No change is observed in kinetics of HSP82 RNA induction by cycloheximide treatment.

Synthesis and Requirement of Escherichia coli Heat Shock Proteins GroEL and DnaK for Survival under Phenol Stress Conditions: Jeon, Taeck Joong , Lee, Kil Jae; J. Microbiol. 1998;36(1):26-33.

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Abstract: Exposure of Escherichia coli strain MC4100 to various concentrations of phenol at temperatures higher than 20℃ led to induction of stress proteins such as GroEL and DnaK, as analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting methods. The optimum range of phenol concentration for the induction of GroEL and DnaK was slightly different at each temperature of bacterial growth and phenol treatment. The level of GroEL increased as the temperatures of growth and phenol treatment were increased from 30℃ to 40℃. The level of induced FroEL was maximal in the wild type cells which had been grown and treated by 2000㎍/㎖ phenol at 40℃. In contrast to GroEL, the level of DnaK decreased as the temperatures of growth and phenol treatment were increased from 25℃ to 40℃. Dnak was maximally induced in the cells grown and exposed to 1000㎍/㎖ phenol at 25℃. In rpoH mutant cells KY1601, GroEL was not additionally induced by phenol treatment and DnaK was not even detectable under normal and phenol stress conditions. Viability of cells under the same conditions of phenol treatment showed that the phenol resistance in much more induced in wild type cells than rpoH mutant cells. These results suggest that the induction of GroEL and DnaK is required for the enhanced viability of cells under conditions of phenol stress.

Stress-shock Response of a Methylotrophic Bacterium Methylovorus sp. strain SS1 DSM 11726: Jong H. Park , Si W. Kim , Eungbin Kim , Young T. Ro , Young M. Kim; J. Microbiol. 2001;39(3):162-167.

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Abstract: Methylovorus sp. strain SS1 DSM 11726 was found to grow continuously when it was transferred from 30 C to 40 C and 43 C. A shift in growth temperature from 30 C to 45 C, 47 C and 50 C reduced the viability of the cell population by more than 10^2 , 10^3 and 10^5 folds, respectively, after 1 h cultivation. Cells transferred to 47 C and 50 C after preincubation for 15 min at 43 C, however, exhibited 10-fold increase in viability. It was found that incubation for 15 min at 40 C of Methylovorus sp. strain SS1 grown at 30 C was sufficient to accelerate the synthesis of a specific subset of proteins. The major heat shock proteins had apparent molecular masses of 90, 70, 66, 60, and 58 kDa. The 60 and 58 kDa proteins were found to cross-react with the antiserum raised against GroEL protein. The heat shock response persisted for over 1 h. The shock proteins were stable for 90 min in the cell. Exposure of the cells to methanol induced proteins identical to the heat shock proteins. Addition of ethanol induced a unique protein with a molecular mass of about 40 kDa in addition to the heat-induced proteins. The proteins induced in paraquat-treated cells were different from the heat shock proteins, except the 70 and 60 kDa proteins.

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