Journal of Microbiology

Review

Recent advances in targeted mutagenesis to expedite the evolution of biological systems: Seungjin Kim, Seungwon Lee, Hyun Gyu Lim; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(3):e2501008. Published online March 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2501008

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Evolution has been systematically exploited to engineer biological systems to obtain improved or novel functionalities by selecting beneficial mutations. Recent innovations in continuous targeted mutagenesis within living cells have emerged to generate large sequence diversities without requiring multiple steps. This review comprehensively introduces recent advancements in this field, categorizing them into three approaches depending on methods to create mutations: orthogonal error-prone DNA polymerases, site-specific base editors, and homologous recombination of mutagenic DNA fragments. Combined with high-throughput screening methods, these advances expedited evolution processes with significant reduction of labor and time. These approaches promise broader industrial and research applications, including enzyme improvement, metabolic engineering, and drug resistance studies.

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Advancing microbial engineering through synthetic biology
Ki Jun Jeong
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(3): e2503100. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Fresh Washed Microbiota Transplantation Alters Gut Microbiota Metabolites to Ameliorate Sleeping Disorder Symptom of Autistic Children: Nai-Hua Liu , Hong-Qian Liu , Jia-Yi Zheng , Meng-Lu Zhu , Li-Hao Wu , Hua-Feng Pan , Xing-Xiang He; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(8):741-753. Published online September 4, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00069-x

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Abstract

Accumulating studies have raised concerns about gut dysbiosis associating autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its related symptoms. However, the effect of gut microbiota modification on the Chinese ASD population and its underlying mechanism were still elusive. Herein, we enrolled 24 ASD children to perform the first course of fresh washed microbiota transplantation (WMT), 18 patients decided to participate the second course, 13 of which stayed to participate the third course, and there were 8 patients at the fourth course. Then we evaluated the effects of fresh WMT on these patients and their related symptoms. Our results found that the sleeping disorder symptom was positively interrelated to ASD, fresh WMT significantly alleviated ASD and its sleeping disorder and constipation symptoms. In addition, WMT stably and continuously downregulated Bacteroides/ Flavonifractor/Parasutterella while upregulated Prevotella_9 to decrease toxic metabolic production and improve detoxification by regulating glycolysis/myo-inositol/D-glucuronide/D-glucarate degradation, L-1,2-propanediol degradation, fatty acid β-oxidation. Thus, our results suggested that fresh WMT moderated gut microbiome to improve the behavioral and sleeping disorder symptoms of ASD via decrease toxic metabolic production and improve detoxification. Which thus provides a promising gut ecological strategy for ASD children and its related symptoms treatments.

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Untargeted urine metabolomics and machine learning provide potential metabolic signatures in children with autism spectrum disorder
Xian Liu, Xin Sun, Cheng Guo, Zhi-Fang Huang, Yi-Ru Chen, Fang-Mei Feng, Li-Jie Wu, Wen-Xiong Chen
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Washed Microbiota Transplantation Improves the Sleep Quality in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Qianqian Li, Yujie Liu, Zulun Zhang, Sheng Zhang, Xiao Ding, Faming Zhang
Nature and Science of Sleep.2024; Volume 16: 1141. CrossRef

Heterologous Production and Structure Determination of a New Lanthipeptide Sinosporapeptin Using a Cryptic Gene Cluster in an Actinobacterium Sinosporangium siamense: Keita Saito , Keiichiro Mukai , Issara Kaweewan , Hiroyuki Nakagawa , Takeshi Hosaka , Shinya Kodani; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(6):641-648. Published online June 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00059-z

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Abstract

Lipolanthine is a subclass of lanthipeptide that has the modification of lipid moiety at the N-terminus. A cryptic biosynthetic gene cluster comprising four genes (sinA, sinKC, sinD, and sinE) involved in the biosynthesis of lipolanthine was identified in the genome of an actinobacterium Sinosporangium siamense. Heterologous coexpression of a precursor peptide coding gene sinA and lanthipeptide synthetase coding gene sinKC in the host Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) resulted in the synthesis of a new lanthipeptide, sinosporapeptin. It contained unusual amino acids, including one labionin and two dehydrobutyrine residues, as determined using NMR and MS analyses. Another coexpression experiment with two additional genes of decarboxylase (sinD) and N-acetyl transferase (sinE) resulted in the production of a lipolanthine-like modified sinosporapeptin.

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Heterologous biosynthesis of myxobacterial lanthipeptides melittapeptins
Issara Kaweewan, Keiichiro Mukai, Pratchaya Rukthanapitak, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Takeshi Hosaka, Shinya Kodani
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Facile Method for Determining Lanthipeptide Stereochemistry
Youran Luo, Shuyun Xu, Autumn M. Frerk, Wilfred A. van der Donk
Analytical Chemistry.2024; 96(4): 1767. CrossRef
Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Bacteria: Classification, Sources, and Mechanism of Action against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Raynichka Mihaylova-Garnizova, Slavena Davidova, Yordan Hodzhev, Galina Satchanska
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(19): 10788. CrossRef

Review

Bacterial Sialic Acid Catabolism at the Host–Microbe Interface: Jaeeun Kim , Byoung Sik Kim; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):369-377. Published online March 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00035-7

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Abstract

Sialic acids consist of nine-carbon keto sugars that are commonly found at the terminal end of mucins. This positional feature of sialic acids contributes to host cell interactions but is also exploited by some pathogenic bacteria in evasion of host immune system. Moreover, many commensals and pathogens use sialic acids as an alternative energy source to survive within the mucus-covered host environments, such as the intestine, vagina, and oral cavity. Among the various biological events mediated by sialic acids, this review will focus on the processes necessary for the catabolic utilization of sialic acid in bacteria. First of all, transportation of sialic acid should be preceded before its catabolism. There are four types of transporters that are used for sialic acid uptake; the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic C4-dicarboxilate (TRAP) multicomponent transport system, the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, and the sodium solute symporter (SSS). After being moved by these transporters, sialic acid is degraded into an intermediate of glycolysis through the well-conserved catabolic pathway. The genes encoding the catabolic enzymes and transporters are clustered into an operon(s), and their expression is tightly controlled by specific transcriptional regulators. In addition to these mechanisms, we will cover some researches about sialic acid utilization by oral pathogens.

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Inhibition of Atg7 in intestinal epithelial cells drives resistance against Citrobacter rodentium
David Cune, Caterina Luana Pitasi, Alessia Rubiola, Trinath Jamma, Luca Simula, Camille Boucher, Apolline Fortun, Lucie Adoux, Franck Letourneur, Benjamin Saintpierre, Emmanuel Donnadieu, Benoît Terris, Pascale Bossard, Benoît Chassaing, Béatrice Romagnol
Cell Death & Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Rapid Quantification of Neuraminidase Activity by MALDI-TOF MS via On-Target Labeling of Its Substrate and Product
Jiarui Li, Xi Lin, Hao Wang, Nan Zhao, Xinhua Guo
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.2025; 36(3): 573. CrossRef
Public health aspects of Vibrio spp. related to the consumption of seafood in the EU
Konstantinos Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Alessandra De Cesare, Lieve Herman, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Romolo Nonno, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmo
EFSA Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clostridioides difficile -mucus interactions encompass shifts in gene expression, metabolism, and biofilm formation
Kathleen L. Furtado, Lucas Plott, Matthew Markovetz, Deborah Powers, Hao Wang, David B. Hill, Jason Papin, Nancy L. Allbritton, Rita Tamayo, Craig D. Ellermeier
mSphere.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Metagenomic survey reveals global distribution and evolution of microbial sialic acid catabolism
Yisong Li, Yeshun Fan, Xiaofang Ma, Ying Wang, Jie Liu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Journal Article

Descr!ption of Ornithinimicrobium cryptoxanthini sp. nov., a Novel Actinomycete Producing β‑cryptoxanthin Isolated from the Tongtian River Sediments: Yuyuan Huang , Yifan Jiao , Sihui Zhang , Yuanmeihui Tao , Suping Zhang , Dong Jin , Ji Pu , Liyun Liu , Jing Yang , Shan Lu; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):379-388. Published online March 16, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00029-5

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Abstract

Two novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, and yellow-pigmented, irregular rod-shaped bacteria (JY.X269 and JY.X270T) were isolated from the near-surface sediments of river in Qinghai Province, P. R. China (32°37′13″N, 96°05′37″E) in July 2019. Both strains were shown to grow at 15–35 °C and pH 7.0–10.0, and in the presence of 0–6.0% (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolates were closely related to Ornithinimicrobium cavernae CFH 30183 T (98.6–98.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), O. ciconiae H23M54T (98.5–98.6%) and O. murale 01-Gi-040T (98.3–98.5%). The phylogenetic and phylogenomic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene and 537 core gene sequences, respectively, revealed that the two strains formed a distinct cluster with the above three species. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between our two isolates (JY.X269 and JY.X270T) and other Ornithinimicrobium species were within the ranges of 19.0–23.9% and 70.8–80.4%, respectively, all below the respective recommended 70.0% and 95–96% cutoff point. Furthermore, the major cellular fatty acids (> 10.0%) of strains JY.X269 and JY.X270T were iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and summed feature 9. Strain JY.X270T contained MK-8(H4) and ornithine as the predominant menaquinone and diagnostic diamino acid component within the cell wall teichoic acids. β-cryptoxanthin ( C40H56O) can be extracted from strain JY.X270T, and its content is 6.3 μg/ml. Based on results from the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic analyses, the two strains could be classified as a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium cryptoxanthini sp. nov. is proposed (type strain JY.X270T = CGMCC 1.19147T = JCM 34882T).

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Screening, identification, and characterization of high potential bacteria for ꞵ-cryptoxanthin production from natural sources
Sopida Korkerd, Savitri Vatanyoopaisarn, Wonnop Visessaguan, Benjawan Thumthanarak, Dudsadee Uttapap, Solange I. Mussatto, Vilai Rungsardthong
Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology.2024; 57: 103089. CrossRef

Review

Insights into the immune responses of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to COVID-19 vaccines: Heedo Park , Mee Sook Park , Jong Hyeon Seok , Jaehwan You , Jineui Kim , Jeonghun Kim , Man-Seong Park; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):308-320. Published online March 2, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1598-x

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Abstract

The three types of approved coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) vaccines that have been emergency-use listed (EUL) by the World Health Organization are mRNA vaccines, adenovirus- vectored vaccines, and inactivated vaccines. Canonical vaccine developments usually take years or decades to be completed to commercialization; however, the EUL vaccines being used in the current situation comprise several COVID- 19 vaccine candidates applied in studies and clinical settings across the world. The extraordinary circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic have necessitated the emergency authorization of these EUL vaccines, which have been rapidly developed. Although the benefits of the EUL vaccines outweigh their adverse effects, there have been reports of rare but fatal cases directly associated with COVID-19 vaccinations. Thus, a reassessment of the immunological rationale underlying EUL vaccines in relation to COVID-19 caused by SARSCOV- 2 virus infection is now required. In this review, we discuss the manifestations of COVID-19, immunologically projected effects of EUL vaccines, reported immune responses, informed issues related to COVID-19 vaccination, and the potential strategies for future vaccine use against antigenic variants.

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Single intranasal immunization with attenuated Wuhan-like SARS-CoV-2 provides highly effective cross-protection against Delta and Omicron variants of concern
Evgeny B. Faizuloev, Anastasiia V. Gracheva, Ekaterina R. Korchevaya, Yulia I. Ammour, Daria I. Smirnova, Darya M. Khokhlova, Andrey O. Drokov, Andrey A. Pankratov, Galina V. Trunova, Varvara A. Khokhlova, Maria S. Vorontsova, Irina A. Leneva, Oksana A. S
Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology.2024; 101(1): 36. CrossRef
Real-time infectious disease endurance indicator system for scientific decisions using machine learning and rapid data processing
Shivendra Dubey, Dinesh Kumar Verma, Mahesh Kumar
PeerJ Computer Science.2024; 10: e2062. CrossRef
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroconversion rates and adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and COVID-19 viral vector vaccine in kidney transplant recipient patients
Sikai Chen, Wenxin Wei, Fengyu Huang, Jing Wang, Xingyu Li, Zhixin Geng, Feng Gao, Taiwei Dong, Peifeng Wei, Xinbo Yang, Feng Miao
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Yasunari Matsuzaka, Ryu Yashiro
Vaccines.2023; 11(3): 539. CrossRef
Immunity after COVID-19 Recovery and Vaccination: Similarities and Differences
Dorota Kamińska, Dominika Dęborska-Materkowska, Katarzyna Kościelska-Kasprzak, Oktawia Mazanowska, Agata Remiorz, Paweł Poznański, Magdalena Durlik, Magdalena Krajewska
Vaccines.2022; 10(7): 1068. CrossRef
Two years of COVID-19 pandemic: where are we now?
Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(3): 235. CrossRef

Journal Article

Diversity and composition of microbiota during fermentation of traditional Nuodeng ham: Xiao-mei Zhang , Xi-jun Dang , Yuan-bing Wang , Tao Sun , Yao Wang , Hong Yu , Wu-song Yang; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(1):20-28. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0219-4

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Abstract

The microbial community is one of the most important factors in shaping the characteristics of fermented food. Nuodeng ham, traditionally produced and subjected to 1–4 years of fermentation, is a dry fermented food product with cultural and economic significance to locals in southwestern China. In this study, we aimed to characterize the microbiota and physicochemical profiles of Nuodeng ham across different stages of fermentation. Ham samples from each of the four years were analyzed by sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer sequence, in order to characterize the diversity and composition of their microflora. A total of 2,679,483 bacterial and 2,983,234 fungal sequences of high quality were obtained and assigned to 514 and 57 genera, respectively. Among these microbes, Staphylococcus and Candida were the most abundant genera observed in the ham samples, though samples from different years showed differences in their microbial abundance. Results of physicochemical properties (pH, water, amino acid, NaCl, nitrate and nitrite contents, and the composition of volatile compounds) revealed differences among the ham samples in the composition of volatile compounds, especially in the third year samples, in which no nitrite was detected. These results suggest that the structure and diversity of microbial communities significantly differed across different stages of fermentation. Moreover, the third year hams exhibits a unique and balanced microbial community, which might contribute to the special flavor in the green and safe food products. Thus, our study lends insights into the production of high quality Nuodeng ham.

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Metabolite and microbial community composition of normal and sensory defect Nuodeng hams characterized based on metabolomics and high-throughput sequencing
Nannan Zhou, Yaying Zhao, Guiying Wang, Guanghui Chen, Zhijie Zheng, Ruwei Ren, Guozhou Liao
Food Chemistry.2025; 463: 141358. CrossRef
Insight into the Relationship between the Causes of Off-Odour and Microorganism Communities in Xuanwei Ham
Haoyi Wang, Xiaoyu Yin, Lu Zhang, Xuejiao Wang, Jiliang Zhang, Rongxin Wen, Jianxin Cao
Foods.2024; 13(5): 776. CrossRef
Study on the Changes and Correlation of Microorganisms and Flavor in Different Processing Stages of Mianning Ham
Yue Huang, Zhengli Wang, Ling Gan, Jiamin Zhang, Wei Wang, Lili Ji, Lin Chen
Foods.2024; 13(16): 2587. CrossRef
Revealing the correlation between small molecule metabolites, volatile compounds and microbial communities during the ripening of Xuanwei ham
Cong Li, Zhijie Zheng, Guiying Wang, Guanghui Chen, Nannan Zhou, Ruwei Ren, Qiongfang Yang, Wenxi Fu, Bo Li, Guozhou Liao
LWT.2024; 211: 116955. CrossRef
Changes in Physicochemical Characteristics and Microbial Diversity of Traditional Fermented Vinasse Hairtail
Yue Zhang, Chuanhai Tu, Huimin Lin, Yuwei Hu, Junqi Jia, Shanshan Shui, Jiaxing Wang, Yi Hu, Bin Zhang
Fermentation.2023; 9(2): 173. CrossRef
Recent developments in off-odor formation mechanism and the potential regulation by starter cultures in dry-cured ham
Changyu Zhou, Qiang Xia, Lihui Du, Jun He, Yangying Sun, Yali Dang, Fang Geng, Daodong Pan, Jinxuan Cao, Guanghong Zhou
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.2023; 63(27): 8781. CrossRef
Role of microbiota and its ecological succession on flavor formation in traditional dry-cured ham: a review
Ping Li, Zhijie Bao, Yang Wang, Xinlian Su, Hui Zhou, Baocai Xu
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition.2023; : 1. CrossRef
Illumina-Based Analysis Yields New Insights Into the Fungal Contamination Associated With the Processed Products of Crataegi Fructus
Jingsheng Yu, Mengyue Guo, Wenjun Jiang, Yujie Dao, Xiaohui Pang
Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of protein degradation and flavor compounds during the processing of Xuan'en ham
Rui Li, Cuizhu Geng, Zhemin Xiong, Yingying Cui, E Liao, Lijuan Peng, Weiping Jin, Haibin Wang
Journal of Food Science.2022; 87(8): 3366. CrossRef
Characterization and correlation of dominant bacteria and volatile compounds in post-fermentation process of Ba-bao Douchi
Yan-Zeng Zhang, Xiang-Na Lin, Yan-Qing Ji, Hong-Jun He, Hong-Zhuan Yang, Xiao-Juan Tang, Yun-Guo Liu
Food Research International.2022; 160: 111688. CrossRef
Microbial community composition and soil metabolism in the coexisting Cordyceps militaris and Ophiocordyceps highlandensis
Xiaorong Xu, Xiaomei Zhang, Zhipu Huang, Yuxiao Xu, Dexiang Tang, Bing Zhang, Ketao Zhang, Chaojin Liu, Hong Yu
Journal of Basic Microbiology.2022; 62(10): 1254. CrossRef
Metagenomic Analysis of Suansun, a Traditional Chinese Unsalted Fermented Food
Yaping Hu, Xiaodong Chen, Jie Zhou, Wenxuan Jing, Qirong Guo
Processes.2021; 9(9): 1669. CrossRef

Review

[MINIREVIEW]Regulation of gene expression by protein lysine acetylation in Salmonella: Hyojeong Koo , Shinae Park , Min-Kyu Kwak , Jung-Shin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(12):979-987. Published online November 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0483-8

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Abstract

Protein lysine acetylation influences many physiological functions, such as gene regulation, metabolism, and disease in eukaryotes. Although little is known about the role of lysine acetylation in bacteria, several reports have proposed its importance in various cellular processes. Here, we discussed the function of the protein lysine acetylation and the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone-like proteins in bacteria focusing on Salmonella pathogenicity. The protein lysine residue in Salmonella is acetylated by the Pat-mediated enzymatic pathway or by the acetyl phosphate-mediated non-enzymatic pathway. In Salmonella, the acetylation of lysine 102 and lysine 201 on PhoP inhibits its protein activity and DNAbinding, respectively. Lysine acetylation of the transcriptional regulator, HilD, also inhibits pathogenic gene expression. Moreover, it has been reported that the protein acetylation patterns significantly differ in the drug-resistant and -sensitive Salmonella strains. In addition, nucleoid-associated proteins such as histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) are critical for the gene silencing in bacteria, and PTMs in H-NS also affect the gene expression. In this review, we suggest that protein lysine acetylation and the post-translational modifications of H-NS are important factors in understanding the regulation of gene expression responsible for pathogenicity in Salmonella.

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Bacterial protein acetylation: mechanisms, functions, and methods for study
Jocelin Rizo, Sergio Encarnación-Guevara
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Acetyl-proteome profiling revealed the role of lysine acetylation in erythromycin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus
Miao Feng, Xiaoyu Yi, Yanling Feng, Feng He, Zonghui Xiao, Hailan Yao
Heliyon.2024; 10(15): e35326. CrossRef
Short-chain fatty acids in breast milk and their relationship with the infant gut microbiota
Menglu Xi, Yalu Yan, Sufang Duan, Ting Li, Ignatius Man-Yau Szeto, Ai Zhao
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Global Insights into the Lysine Acetylome Reveal the Role of Lysine Acetylation in the Adaptation of Bacillus altitudinis to Salt Stress
Xujian Li, Shanshan Dai, Shanshan Sun, Dongying Zhao, Hui Li, Junyi Zhang, Jie Ma, Binghai Du, Yanqin Ding
Journal of Proteome Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Acetylomics reveals an extensive acetylation diversity within Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Nand Broeckaert, Hannelore Longin, Hanne Hendrix, Jeroen De Smet, Mirita Franz-Wachtel, Boris Maček, Vera van Noort, Rob Lavigne
microLife.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Lysine acetylation regulates the AT-rich DNA possession ability of H-NS
Yabo Liu, Mengqing Zhou, Yifan Bu, Liang Qin, Yuanxing Zhang, Shuai Shao, Qiyao Wang
Nucleic Acids Research.2024; 52(4): 1645. CrossRef
Acetylation of K188 and K192 inhibits the DNA-binding ability of NarL to regulate Salmonella virulence
Liu-Qing Zhang, Yi-Lin Shen, Bang-Ce Ye, Ying Zhou, Christopher A. Elkins
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Acetylome and Succinylome Profiling of Edwardsiella tarda Reveals Key Roles of Both Lysine Acylations in Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance
Yuying Fu, Lishan Zhang, Huanhuan Song, Junyan Liao, Li Lin, Wenjia Jiang, Xiaoyun Wu, Guibin Wang
Antibiotics.2022; 11(7): 841. CrossRef
Pat- and Pta-mediated protein acetylation is required for horizontally-acquired virulence gene expression in Salmonella Typhimurium
Hyojeong Koo, Eunna Choi, Shinae Park, Eun-Jin Lee, Jung-Shin Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(8): 823. CrossRef
Acetylation of CspC Controls the Las Quorum-Sensing System through Translational Regulation of rsaL in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Shouyi Li, Xuetao Gong, Liwen Yin, Xiaolei Pan, Yongxin Jin, Fang Bai, Zhihui Cheng, Un-Hwan Ha, Weihui Wu, Pierre Cornelis, Gerald B. Pier
mBio.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Trans-acting regulators of ribonuclease activity
Jaejin Lee, Minho Lee, Kangseok Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(4): 341. CrossRef
Acetylation of the CspA family protein CspC controls the type III secretion system through translational regulation ofexsAinPseudomonas aeruginosa
Shouyi Li, Yuding Weng, Xiaoxiao Li, Zhuo Yue, Zhouyi Chai, Xinxin Zhang, Xuetao Gong, Xiaolei Pan, Yongxin Jin, Fang Bai, Zhihui Cheng, Weihui Wu
Nucleic Acids Research.2021; 49(12): 6756. CrossRef
Transcriptional Regulation of the Multiple Resistance Mechanisms in Salmonella—A Review
Michał Wójcicki, Olga Świder, Kamila J. Daniluk, Paulina Średnicka, Monika Akimowicz, Marek Ł. Roszko, Barbara Sokołowska, Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
Pathogens.2021; 10(7): 801. CrossRef

Journal Article

Analysis of IE62 mutations found in Varicella-Zoster virus vaccine strains for transactivation activity: Hyemin Ko , Gwang Myeong Lee , Ok Sarah Shin , Moon Jung Song , Chan Hee Lee , Young Eui Kim , Jin-Hyun Ahn; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(6):441-448. Published online June 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8144-x

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Abstract

Live attenuated vaccine strains have been developed for Varicella- Zoster virus (VZV). Compared to clinically isolated strains, the vaccine strains contain several non-synonymous mutations in open reading frames (ORFs) 0, 6, 31, 39, 55, 62, and 64. In particular, ORF62, encoding an immediate-early (IE) 62 protein that acts as a transactivator for viral gene expression, contains six non-synonymous mutations, but whether these mutations affect transactivation activity of IE62 is not understood. In this study, we investigated the role of non-synonymous vaccine-type mutations (M99T, S628G, R958G, V1197A, I1260V, and L1275S) of IE62 in Suduvax, a vaccine strain isolated in Korea, for transactivation activity. In reporter assays, Suduvax IE62 showed 2- to 4-fold lower transactivation activity toward ORF4, ORF28, ORF29, and ORF68 promoters than wild-type IE62. Introduction of individual M99T, S628G, R958G, or V1197A/ I1260V/L1275S mutations into wild-type IE62 did not affect transactivation activity. However, the combination of M99T within the N-terminal Sp transcription factor binding region and V1197A/I1260V/L1275S within the C-terminal serineenriched acidic domain (SEAD) significantly reduced the transactivation activity of IE62. The M99T/V1197A/I1260V/ L1275S mutant IE62 did not show considerable alterations in intracellular distribution and Sp3 binding compared to wild-type IE62, suggesting that other alteration(s) may be responsible for the reduced transactivation activity. Collectively, our results suggest that acquisition of mutations in both Met 99 and the SEAD of IE62 is responsible for the reduced transactivation activity found in IE62 of the VZV vaccine strains and contributes to attenuation of the virus.

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Heightened incidence of adverse events associated with a live attenuated varicella vaccine strain that lacks critical genetic polymorphisms in open reading frame 62
Ye Ji Kim, Doyeop Oh, Jaehoon Kim, Jeongtae Son, Jae Yun Moon, Ye Kyung Kim, Bin Ahn, Kyu Ri Kang, Daechan Park, Hyun Mi Kang
Clinical Microbiology and Infection.2024; 30(11): 1466. CrossRef
Whole Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Differential mRNA and microRNA Expression Profiles in Primary Human Dermal Fibroblasts Infected with Clinical or Vaccine Strains of Varicella Zoster Virus
Soo-Jin Oh, Sooyeon Lim, Moon Jung Song, Jin Hyun Ahn, Chan Hee Lee, Ok Sarah Shin
Pathogens.2019; 8(4): 183. CrossRef

Review

REVIEW] The development of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans – an example of microevolution of a fungal pathogen: Joachim Morschhäuser; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):192-201. Published online February 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5628-4

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Abstract

The yeast Candida albicans is a member of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of most healthy persons, but it can also cause symptomatic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. During the life-long association with its human host, C. albicans generates genetically altered variants that are better adapted to changes in their environment. A prime example of this microevolution is the development of resistance to the commonly used drug fluconazole, which inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis, during antimycotic therapy. Fluconazole resistance can be caused by mutations in the drug target, by changes in the sterol biosynthesis pathway, and by gain-of-function mutations in transcription factors that result in the constitutive upregulation of ergosterol biosynthesis genes and multidrug efflux pumps. Fluconazole also induces genomic rearrangements that result in gene amplification and loss of heterozygosity for resistance mutations, which further increases drug resistance. These genome alterations may affect extended chromosomal regions and have additional phenotypic consequences. A striking case is the loss of heterozygosity for the mating type locus MTL in many fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates, which allows the cells to switch to the mating-competent opaque phenotype. This, in turn, raises the possibility that sexual recombination between different variants of an originally clonal, drug-susceptible population may contribute to the generation of highly fluconazole-resistant strains with multiple resistance mechanisms. The gain-of-function mutations in transcription factors, which result in deregulated gene expression, also cause reduced fitness. In spite of this, many clinical isolates that contain such mutations do not exhibit fitness defects, indicating that they have overcome the costs of drug resistance with further evolution by still unknown mechanisms.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Novel Mutations in CYP51B from Penicillium digitatum Involved in Prochloraz Resistance: Jinlong Wang , Jinhui Yu , Jing Liu , Yongze Yuan , Na Li , Muqing He , Ting Qi , Geng Hui , Li Xiong , Deli Liu; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(9):762-770. Published online August 2, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4112-2

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Abstract

Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the most serious postharvest diseases of citrus fruit, and it is ubiquitous in all citrus growing regions in the world. Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is one of the key enzymes of sterol biosynthesis in the biological kingdom and a prime target of antifungal drugs. Mutations in CYP51s have been found to be correlated with resistance to azole fungicides in many fungal species. To investigate the mechanism of resistance to prochloraz (PRC) in P. digitatum, the PRC sensitivity was determined in vitro in this study to assess the sensitivity of 78 P. digitatum isolates collected in Hubei province. The results showed that 25 isolates were prochloraz-resistant (PRC-R), including six high-resistant (HR) strains, twelve medium-resistant (MR) and seven low-resistant (LR) strains. A sequence analysis showed no consistent point mutations of PdCYP51A in the PRC-R strains, but four substitutions of CYP51B were found, Q309H in LR strains, Y136H and Q309H in HR strains, and G459S and F506I in MR strains, which corresponded to the four sensitivity levels. Based on the sequence alignment analysis and homology modeling followed by the molecular docking of the PdCYP51B protein, the potential correlation between the mutations and PRC resistance is proposed.

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NOTE] Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Transcriptome Analysis of L-Lysine-Producing Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21300 Strain: Hong-Il Kim , Jae-Young Nam , Jae-Yong Cho , Chang-Soo Lee , Young-Jin Park; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):877-880. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3236-0

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Abstract

In the present study, 151 genes showed a significant change in their expression levels in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21300 compared with those of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. Of these 151 genes, 56 genes (2%) were up-regulated and 95 genes (3%) were down-regulated. RNA sequencing analysis also revealed that 11 genes, involved in the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway of C. glutamicum, were up- or downregulated compared with those of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. Of the 151 genes, 10 genes were identified to have mutations including SNP (9 genes) and InDel (1 gene). This information will be useful for genome breeding of C. glutamicum to develop an industrial amino acid-producing strain with minimal mutation.

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Comparative analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum transcriptome in response to changes in dissolved oxygen levels
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Transcriptome and Gene Ontology (GO) Enrichment Analysis Reveals Genes Involved in Biotin Metabolism That Affect l-Lysine Production in Corynebacterium glutamicum
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Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Clarithromycin-Resistant Helicobacter pylori from Bogotá D.C., Colombia: Alba A. Trespalacios , William Otero , Jorge E. Caminos , Marcela M. Mercado , Jenny Ávila , Liliana E. Rosero , Azucena Arévalo , Raúl A. Poutou-Piñales , David Y. Graham; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(4):448-452. Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2465-6

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Abstract: Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to clarithromycin is the most common cause of treatment failure in patients with H. pylori infections. This study describes the MICs and the presence of 23S rRNA mutations of H. pylori isolates from Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. H. pylori were isolated from gastric biopsies from patients with functional dyspepsia. Clarithromycin susceptibility was investigated by agar dilution and strains were considered resistant if the MIC was ≥1 μg/ml. DNA sequences of the 23S rRNA gene of strains resistant and sensitive to clarithromycin were determined to identify specific point mutations. Clarithromycin resistance was present in 13.6% of patients by agar dilution. The A2143G, A2142G and A2142C mutations were found in 90.5, 7.1, and 2.4% of H. pylori strains with resistance genotype.The resistant phenotype was associated with 23S rRNA resistance genotype in 85.7% of isolates. The point mutations in 23S rRNA were well correlated with MICs values for clarithromycin.

Prevalence of Amino Acid Changes in the yvqF, vraSR, graSR, and tcaRAB Genes from Vancomycin Intermediate Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Jae Il Yoo , Jung Wook Kim , Gi Su Kang , Hwa Su Kim , Jung Sik Yoo , Yeong Seon Lee; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(2):160-165. Published online April 27, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3088-7

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Abstract: Vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) strains are increasingly prevalent in the hospital setting, and are of major concern in the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections. Multiple mutations in vancomycinsusceptible S. aureus (VSSA) strains likely led to the emergence of VISA, and point mutations in the agr, orf1, yvqF, vraSR, graSR, and tcaRAB genes of VISA strains have been shown to contribute to glycopeptide resistance. Therefore, we investigated point mutations in these genes from 87 VISA and 27 VSSA clinical strains isolated from Korean hospitals. All strains were assigned an agr type (I, II, or III) on the basis of multiplex PCR, with the majority of VISA strains belonging to agr groups I and II. Sequencing revealed amino acid changes in vraS from VISA strains which were not present in the VSSA strains. The E59D substitution in the vraR gene occurred in 36.3% of VSSA/agrI and 92.7% of VISA/agrI strains, suggesting that this mutation associated with emergence of VISA/agrI strains. VISA strains were classified into 31 mutation patterns according to mutations in the yvqF, vraSR, graSR, and tcaRAB genes. In addition, the mutation patterns were correlated with agr and sequence type (ST). The most prevalent pattern included agr type I (ST 72) strains with E59D (vraR), L26F and T224I (graS), D148Q (graR), and L218P, R283H and G312D (tcaA) amino acid substitutions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of mutation pattern 5 toward oxacillin and imipenem was much lower than that of patterns 6 and 24. These results improve our understanding of emergence of VISA strains.

Screening of Mutant Strain Streptomyces mediolani sp. AC37 for (-)-8-O-Methyltetrangomycin Production Enhancement: Jakeline Trejos Jiménez , Maria Sturdíková , Vlasta Brezová , Emil Svajdlenka , Marta Novotová; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(6):1014-1023. Published online December 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2025-5

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Abstract: Streptomyces mediolani sp. AC37 was isolated from the root system of higher plant Taxus baccata and produced metabolite identified as (-)-8-O-methyltetrangomycin according to LC/MS/MS analysis. In our screening program for improvements of bioactive secondary metabolites from plant associate streptomycetes, mutation was used as a tool for the induction of genetic variations for selection of higher (-)-8-O-methyltetrangomycin producers of isolates. S. mediolani sp. AC37 was treated with UV irradiation and chemical mutagenic treatment (N-nitroso-N-methyl-urea). The radical scavenging and antioxidant capacity of (-)-8-O-methyltetrangomycin and extracts isolated from mutants were tested using EPR spin trapping technique and ABTS􀁹+ assay. Comparison of electron microscopic images of Streptomyces sp. AC37 and mutant strains of Streptomyces sp. AC37 revealed substantial differences in morphology and ultrastructure.

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