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Genetic insights into novel lysis suppression by phage CSP1 in Escherichia coli: Moosung Kim, Sangryeol Ryu; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(4):e2501013. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2501013

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Lysis inhibition (LIN) in bacteriophage is a strategy to maximize progeny production. A clear plaque-forming mutant, CSP1C, was isolated from the turbid plaque-forming CSP1 phage. CSP1C exhibited an adsorption rate and replication dynamics similar to CSP1. Approximately 90% of the phages were adsorbed to the host cell within 12 min, and both phages had a latent period of 25 min. Burst sizes were 171.42 ± 31.75 plaque-forming units (PFU) per infected cell for CSP1 and 168.94 ± 51.67 PFU per infected cell for CSP1C. Both phages caused comparable reductions in viable E. coli cell counts at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI). However, CSP1 infection did not reduce turbidity, suggesting a form of LIN distinct from the well-characterized LIN of T4 phage. Genomic analysis revealed that a 4,672-base pairs (bp) DNA region, encompassing part of the tail fiber gene, CSP1_020, along with three hypothetical genes, CSP1_021, CSP1_022, and part of CSP1_023, was deleted from CSP1 to make CSP1C. Complementation analysis in CSP1C identified CSP1_020, CSP1_021, and CSP1_022 as a minimal gene set required for the lysis suppression in CSP1. Co-expression of these genes in E. coli with holin (CSP1_092) and endolysin (CSP1_091) resulted in lysis suppression. Lysis suppression was abolished by disrupting the proton motive force (PMF), supporting their potential role as antiholin. Additionally, CSP1_021 directly interacts with holin, suggesting that it may function as an antiholin. These findings identify new genetic factors involved in lysis suppression in CSP1, providing broader insights into phage strategies for modulating host cell lysis.

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Characterization and genome analyses of the novel phages targeting extraintestinal Escherichia coli clones ST131 and ST410
Md Shamsuzzaman, Yoon-Jung Choi, Shukho Kim, Jungmin Kim
International Microbiology.2025; 28(7): 2233. CrossRef
Optical Density-Based Methods in Phage Biology: Titering, Lysis Timing, Host Range, and Phage-Resistance Evolution
Stephen T. Abedon
Viruses.2025; 17(12): 1573. CrossRef

Review

Recent advances in targeted mutagenesis to expedite the evolution of biological systems: Seungjin Kim, Seungwon Lee, Hyun Gyu Lim; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(3):e2501008. Published online March 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2501008

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Evolution has been systematically exploited to engineer biological systems to obtain improved or novel functionalities by selecting beneficial mutations. Recent innovations in continuous targeted mutagenesis within living cells have emerged to generate large sequence diversities without requiring multiple steps. This review comprehensively introduces recent advancements in this field, categorizing them into three approaches depending on methods to create mutations: orthogonal error-prone DNA polymerases, site-specific base editors, and homologous recombination of mutagenic DNA fragments. Combined with high-throughput screening methods, these advances expedited evolution processes with significant reduction of labor and time. These approaches promise broader industrial and research applications, including enzyme improvement, metabolic engineering, and drug resistance studies.

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Advancing microbial engineering through synthetic biology
Ki Jun Jeong
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(3): e2503100. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Fresh Washed Microbiota Transplantation Alters Gut Microbiota Metabolites to Ameliorate Sleeping Disorder Symptom of Autistic Children: Nai-Hua Liu , Hong-Qian Liu , Jia-Yi Zheng , Meng-Lu Zhu , Li-Hao Wu , Hua-Feng Pan , Xing-Xiang He; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(8):741-753. Published online September 4, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00069-x

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Accumulating studies have raised concerns about gut dysbiosis associating autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its related symptoms. However, the effect of gut microbiota modification on the Chinese ASD population and its underlying mechanism were still elusive. Herein, we enrolled 24 ASD children to perform the first course of fresh washed microbiota transplantation (WMT), 18 patients decided to participate the second course, 13 of which stayed to participate the third course, and there were 8 patients at the fourth course. Then we evaluated the effects of fresh WMT on these patients and their related symptoms. Our results found that the sleeping disorder symptom was positively interrelated to ASD, fresh WMT significantly alleviated ASD and its sleeping disorder and constipation symptoms. In addition, WMT stably and continuously downregulated Bacteroides/ Flavonifractor/Parasutterella while upregulated Prevotella_9 to decrease toxic metabolic production and improve detoxification by regulating glycolysis/myo-inositol/D-glucuronide/D-glucarate degradation, L-1,2-propanediol degradation, fatty acid β-oxidation. Thus, our results suggested that fresh WMT moderated gut microbiome to improve the behavioral and sleeping disorder symptoms of ASD via decrease toxic metabolic production and improve detoxification. Which thus provides a promising gut ecological strategy for ASD children and its related symptoms treatments.

Citations

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Effects of gastrointestinal symptoms on the efficacy of washed microbiota transplantation in patients with autism
Dong-Xia Hu, Cai-Mei Lu, Xin-Yu Si, Qing-Ting Wu, Li-Hao Wu, Hao-Jie Zhong, Xing-Xiang He
Frontiers in Pediatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Gastrointestinal and Behavioral Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Anna Liber, Małgorzata Więch
Nutrients.2025; 17(13): 2250. CrossRef
Pathogenic bacteria enriched in the oral microbiota might be associated with recurrent pulmonary infections in elderly individuals
Jingyi Xu, Ruyi Qu, Keke Yang, Yuezhu Wang, Meiyun Nie, Xiaodong Qi, Huajun Zheng, Ling Yang
Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Does constipation affect the effectiveness of washed microbiota transplantation in treating autism spectrum disorders?
Zihao Pan, Zheng Gao, Junyi Chen, Yongxi Quan, Jiating Xu, Xiaofeng Liang, Wenrui Xie, Xingxiang He, Lihao Wu
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Untargeted urine metabolomics and machine learning provide potential metabolic signatures in children with autism spectrum disorder
Xian Liu, Xin Sun, Cheng Guo, Zhi-Fang Huang, Yi-Ru Chen, Fang-Mei Feng, Li-Jie Wu, Wen-Xiong Chen
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Washed Microbiota Transplantation Improves the Sleep Quality in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Qianqian Li, Yujie Liu, Zulun Zhang, Sheng Zhang, Xiao Ding, Faming Zhang
Nature and Science of Sleep.2024; Volume 16: 1141. CrossRef

Heterologous Production and Structure Determination of a New Lanthipeptide Sinosporapeptin Using a Cryptic Gene Cluster in an Actinobacterium Sinosporangium siamense: Keita Saito , Keiichiro Mukai , Issara Kaweewan , Hiroyuki Nakagawa , Takeshi Hosaka , Shinya Kodani; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(6):641-648. Published online June 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00059-z

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Lipolanthine is a subclass of lanthipeptide that has the modification of lipid moiety at the N-terminus. A cryptic biosynthetic gene cluster comprising four genes (sinA, sinKC, sinD, and sinE) involved in the biosynthesis of lipolanthine was identified in the genome of an actinobacterium Sinosporangium siamense. Heterologous coexpression of a precursor peptide coding gene sinA and lanthipeptide synthetase coding gene sinKC in the host Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) resulted in the synthesis of a new lanthipeptide, sinosporapeptin. It contained unusual amino acids, including one labionin and two dehydrobutyrine residues, as determined using NMR and MS analyses. Another coexpression experiment with two additional genes of decarboxylase (sinD) and N-acetyl transferase (sinE) resulted in the production of a lipolanthine-like modified sinosporapeptin.

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BGC heteroexpression strategy for production of novel microbial secondary metabolites
Yuanyuan Liu, Yuqi Tang, Zhiyang Fu, Wangjie Zhu, Hong Wang, Huawei Zhang
Metabolic Engineering.2025; 91: 1. CrossRef
Isolation and structure determination of a new antibacterial lanthipeptide derived from the marine derived bacterium Lysinibacillus sp.CTST325
Chanaphat Thetsana, Ryota Moriuchi, Shinya Kodani
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Heterologous biosynthesis of myxobacterial lanthipeptides melittapeptins
Issara Kaweewan, Keiichiro Mukai, Pratchaya Rukthanapitak, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Takeshi Hosaka, Shinya Kodani
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Facile Method for Determining Lanthipeptide Stereochemistry
Youran Luo, Shuyun Xu, Autumn M. Frerk, Wilfred A. van der Donk
Analytical Chemistry.2024; 96(4): 1767. CrossRef
Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Bacteria: Classification, Sources, and Mechanism of Action against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Raynichka Mihaylova-Garnizova, Slavena Davidova, Yordan Hodzhev, Galina Satchanska
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(19): 10788. CrossRef

Review

Bacterial Sialic Acid Catabolism at the Host–Microbe Interface: Jaeeun Kim , Byoung Sik Kim; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):369-377. Published online March 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00035-7

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Abstract PDF

Sialic acids consist of nine-carbon keto sugars that are commonly found at the terminal end of mucins. This positional feature of sialic acids contributes to host cell interactions but is also exploited by some pathogenic bacteria in evasion of host immune system. Moreover, many commensals and pathogens use sialic acids as an alternative energy source to survive within the mucus-covered host environments, such as the intestine, vagina, and oral cavity. Among the various biological events mediated by sialic acids, this review will focus on the processes necessary for the catabolic utilization of sialic acid in bacteria. First of all, transportation of sialic acid should be preceded before its catabolism. There are four types of transporters that are used for sialic acid uptake; the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic C4-dicarboxilate (TRAP) multicomponent transport system, the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter, and the sodium solute symporter (SSS). After being moved by these transporters, sialic acid is degraded into an intermediate of glycolysis through the well-conserved catabolic pathway. The genes encoding the catabolic enzymes and transporters are clustered into an operon(s), and their expression is tightly controlled by specific transcriptional regulators. In addition to these mechanisms, we will cover some researches about sialic acid utilization by oral pathogens.

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Microbial Pathogenesis.2025; 205: 107650. CrossRef
HMOs Induce Butyrate Production of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii via Cross-Feeding by Bifidobacterium bifidum with Different Mechanisms for HMO Types
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Journal Article

Descr!ption of Ornithinimicrobium cryptoxanthini sp. nov., a Novel Actinomycete Producing β‑cryptoxanthin Isolated from the Tongtian River Sediments: Yuyuan Huang , Yifan Jiao , Sihui Zhang , Yuanmeihui Tao , Suping Zhang , Dong Jin , Ji Pu , Liyun Liu , Jing Yang , Shan Lu; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):379-388. Published online March 16, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00029-5

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Two novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, and yellow-pigmented, irregular rod-shaped bacteria (JY.X269 and JY.X270T) were isolated from the near-surface sediments of river in Qinghai Province, P. R. China (32°37′13″N, 96°05′37″E) in July 2019. Both strains were shown to grow at 15–35 °C and pH 7.0–10.0, and in the presence of 0–6.0% (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolates were closely related to Ornithinimicrobium cavernae CFH 30183 T (98.6–98.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), O. ciconiae H23M54T (98.5–98.6%) and O. murale 01-Gi-040T (98.3–98.5%). The phylogenetic and phylogenomic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene and 537 core gene sequences, respectively, revealed that the two strains formed a distinct cluster with the above three species. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between our two isolates (JY.X269 and JY.X270T) and other Ornithinimicrobium species were within the ranges of 19.0–23.9% and 70.8–80.4%, respectively, all below the respective recommended 70.0% and 95–96% cutoff point. Furthermore, the major cellular fatty acids (> 10.0%) of strains JY.X269 and JY.X270T were iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and summed feature 9. Strain JY.X270T contained MK-8(H4) and ornithine as the predominant menaquinone and diagnostic diamino acid component within the cell wall teichoic acids. β-cryptoxanthin ( C40H56O) can be extracted from strain JY.X270T, and its content is 6.3 μg/ml. Based on results from the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic analyses, the two strains could be classified as a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium cryptoxanthini sp. nov. is proposed (type strain JY.X270T = CGMCC 1.19147T = JCM 34882T).

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Microbacterium jiangjiandongii sp. nov. and Microbacterium wangruii sp. nov., two β-cryptoxanthin-producing bacteria isolated from intestinal contents of Marmota himalayana
Lin Ye, Xiaorui Liu, Jing Yang, Ji Pu, Caixin Yang, Gui Zhang, Juan Zhou, Yue Liu, Dong Jin, Shan Lu, Jianguo Xu
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Screening, identification, and characterization of high potential bacteria for ꞵ-cryptoxanthin production from natural sources
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Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology.2024; 57: 103089. CrossRef

Review

Insights into the immune responses of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to COVID-19 vaccines: Heedo Park , Mee Sook Park , Jong Hyeon Seok , Jaehwan You , Jineui Kim , Jeonghun Kim , Man-Seong Park; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):308-320. Published online March 2, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1598-x

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Abstract PDF

The three types of approved coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) vaccines that have been emergency-use listed (EUL) by the World Health Organization are mRNA vaccines, adenovirus- vectored vaccines, and inactivated vaccines. Canonical vaccine developments usually take years or decades to be completed to commercialization; however, the EUL vaccines being used in the current situation comprise several COVID- 19 vaccine candidates applied in studies and clinical settings across the world. The extraordinary circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic have necessitated the emergency authorization of these EUL vaccines, which have been rapidly developed. Although the benefits of the EUL vaccines outweigh their adverse effects, there have been reports of rare but fatal cases directly associated with COVID-19 vaccinations. Thus, a reassessment of the immunological rationale underlying EUL vaccines in relation to COVID-19 caused by SARSCOV- 2 virus infection is now required. In this review, we discuss the manifestations of COVID-19, immunologically projected effects of EUL vaccines, reported immune responses, informed issues related to COVID-19 vaccination, and the potential strategies for future vaccine use against antigenic variants.

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Journal Article

Diversity and composition of microbiota during fermentation of traditional Nuodeng ham: Xiao-mei Zhang , Xi-jun Dang , Yuan-bing Wang , Tao Sun , Yao Wang , Hong Yu , Wu-song Yang; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(1):20-28. Published online December 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0219-4

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The microbial community is one of the most important factors in shaping the characteristics of fermented food. Nuodeng ham, traditionally produced and subjected to 1–4 years of fermentation, is a dry fermented food product with cultural and economic significance to locals in southwestern China. In this study, we aimed to characterize the microbiota and physicochemical profiles of Nuodeng ham across different stages of fermentation. Ham samples from each of the four years were analyzed by sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer sequence, in order to characterize the diversity and composition of their microflora. A total of 2,679,483 bacterial and 2,983,234 fungal sequences of high quality were obtained and assigned to 514 and 57 genera, respectively. Among these microbes, Staphylococcus and Candida were the most abundant genera observed in the ham samples, though samples from different years showed differences in their microbial abundance. Results of physicochemical properties (pH, water, amino acid, NaCl, nitrate and nitrite contents, and the composition of volatile compounds) revealed differences among the ham samples in the composition of volatile compounds, especially in the third year samples, in which no nitrite was detected. These results suggest that the structure and diversity of microbial communities significantly differed across different stages of fermentation. Moreover, the third year hams exhibits a unique and balanced microbial community, which might contribute to the special flavor in the green and safe food products. Thus, our study lends insights into the production of high quality Nuodeng ham.

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Review

[MINIREVIEW]Regulation of gene expression by protein lysine acetylation in Salmonella: Hyojeong Koo , Shinae Park , Min-Kyu Kwak , Jung-Shin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(12):979-987. Published online November 17, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0483-8

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Protein lysine acetylation influences many physiological functions, such as gene regulation, metabolism, and disease in eukaryotes. Although little is known about the role of lysine acetylation in bacteria, several reports have proposed its importance in various cellular processes. Here, we discussed the function of the protein lysine acetylation and the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histone-like proteins in bacteria focusing on Salmonella pathogenicity. The protein lysine residue in Salmonella is acetylated by the Pat-mediated enzymatic pathway or by the acetyl phosphate-mediated non-enzymatic pathway. In Salmonella, the acetylation of lysine 102 and lysine 201 on PhoP inhibits its protein activity and DNAbinding, respectively. Lysine acetylation of the transcriptional regulator, HilD, also inhibits pathogenic gene expression. Moreover, it has been reported that the protein acetylation patterns significantly differ in the drug-resistant and -sensitive Salmonella strains. In addition, nucleoid-associated proteins such as histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) are critical for the gene silencing in bacteria, and PTMs in H-NS also affect the gene expression. In this review, we suggest that protein lysine acetylation and the post-translational modifications of H-NS are important factors in understanding the regulation of gene expression responsible for pathogenicity in Salmonella.

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Journal Article

Analysis of IE62 mutations found in Varicella-Zoster virus vaccine strains for transactivation activity: Hyemin Ko , Gwang Myeong Lee , Ok Sarah Shin , Moon Jung Song , Chan Hee Lee , Young Eui Kim , Jin-Hyun Ahn; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(6):441-448. Published online June 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8144-x

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Abstract PDF

Live attenuated vaccine strains have been developed for Varicella- Zoster virus (VZV). Compared to clinically isolated strains, the vaccine strains contain several non-synonymous mutations in open reading frames (ORFs) 0, 6, 31, 39, 55, 62, and 64. In particular, ORF62, encoding an immediate-early (IE) 62 protein that acts as a transactivator for viral gene expression, contains six non-synonymous mutations, but whether these mutations affect transactivation activity of IE62 is not understood. In this study, we investigated the role of non-synonymous vaccine-type mutations (M99T, S628G, R958G, V1197A, I1260V, and L1275S) of IE62 in Suduvax, a vaccine strain isolated in Korea, for transactivation activity. In reporter assays, Suduvax IE62 showed 2- to 4-fold lower transactivation activity toward ORF4, ORF28, ORF29, and ORF68 promoters than wild-type IE62. Introduction of individual M99T, S628G, R958G, or V1197A/ I1260V/L1275S mutations into wild-type IE62 did not affect transactivation activity. However, the combination of M99T within the N-terminal Sp transcription factor binding region and V1197A/I1260V/L1275S within the C-terminal serineenriched acidic domain (SEAD) significantly reduced the transactivation activity of IE62. The M99T/V1197A/I1260V/ L1275S mutant IE62 did not show considerable alterations in intracellular distribution and Sp3 binding compared to wild-type IE62, suggesting that other alteration(s) may be responsible for the reduced transactivation activity. Collectively, our results suggest that acquisition of mutations in both Met 99 and the SEAD of IE62 is responsible for the reduced transactivation activity found in IE62 of the VZV vaccine strains and contributes to attenuation of the virus.

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Heightened incidence of adverse events associated with a live attenuated varicella vaccine strain that lacks critical genetic polymorphisms in open reading frame 62
Ye Ji Kim, Doyeop Oh, Jaehoon Kim, Jeongtae Son, Jae Yun Moon, Ye Kyung Kim, Bin Ahn, Kyu Ri Kang, Daechan Park, Hyun Mi Kang
Clinical Microbiology and Infection.2024; 30(11): 1466. CrossRef
Whole Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Differential mRNA and microRNA Expression Profiles in Primary Human Dermal Fibroblasts Infected with Clinical or Vaccine Strains of Varicella Zoster Virus
Soo-Jin Oh, Sooyeon Lim, Moon Jung Song, Jin Hyun Ahn, Chan Hee Lee, Ok Sarah Shin
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Review

REVIEW] The development of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans – an example of microevolution of a fungal pathogen: Joachim Morschhäuser; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):192-201. Published online February 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5628-4

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Abstract PDF

The yeast Candida albicans is a member of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of most healthy persons, but it can also cause symptomatic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. During the life-long association with its human host, C. albicans generates genetically altered variants that are better adapted to changes in their environment. A prime example of this microevolution is the development of resistance to the commonly used drug fluconazole, which inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis, during antimycotic therapy. Fluconazole resistance can be caused by mutations in the drug target, by changes in the sterol biosynthesis pathway, and by gain-of-function mutations in transcription factors that result in the constitutive upregulation of ergosterol biosynthesis genes and multidrug efflux pumps. Fluconazole also induces genomic rearrangements that result in gene amplification and loss of heterozygosity for resistance mutations, which further increases drug resistance. These genome alterations may affect extended chromosomal regions and have additional phenotypic consequences. A striking case is the loss of heterozygosity for the mating type locus MTL in many fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates, which allows the cells to switch to the mating-competent opaque phenotype. This, in turn, raises the possibility that sexual recombination between different variants of an originally clonal, drug-susceptible population may contribute to the generation of highly fluconazole-resistant strains with multiple resistance mechanisms. The gain-of-function mutations in transcription factors, which result in deregulated gene expression, also cause reduced fitness. In spite of this, many clinical isolates that contain such mutations do not exhibit fitness defects, indicating that they have overcome the costs of drug resistance with further evolution by still unknown mechanisms.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Novel Mutations in CYP51B from Penicillium digitatum Involved in Prochloraz Resistance: Jinlong Wang , Jinhui Yu , Jing Liu , Yongze Yuan , Na Li , Muqing He , Ting Qi , Geng Hui , Li Xiong , Deli Liu; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(9):762-770. Published online August 2, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4112-2

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Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum is one of the most serious postharvest diseases of citrus fruit, and it is ubiquitous in all citrus growing regions in the world. Sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is one of the key enzymes of sterol biosynthesis in the biological kingdom and a prime target of antifungal drugs. Mutations in CYP51s have been found to be correlated with resistance to azole fungicides in many fungal species. To investigate the mechanism of resistance to prochloraz (PRC) in P. digitatum, the PRC sensitivity was determined in vitro in this study to assess the sensitivity of 78 P. digitatum isolates collected in Hubei province. The results showed that 25 isolates were prochloraz-resistant (PRC-R), including six high-resistant (HR) strains, twelve medium-resistant (MR) and seven low-resistant (LR) strains. A sequence analysis showed no consistent point mutations of PdCYP51A in the PRC-R strains, but four substitutions of CYP51B were found, Q309H in LR strains, Y136H and Q309H in HR strains, and G459S and F506I in MR strains, which corresponded to the four sensitivity levels. Based on the sequence alignment analysis and homology modeling followed by the molecular docking of the PdCYP51B protein, the potential correlation between the mutations and PRC resistance is proposed.

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NOTE] Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Transcriptome Analysis of L-Lysine-Producing Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21300 Strain: Hong-Il Kim , Jae-Young Nam , Jae-Yong Cho , Chang-Soo Lee , Young-Jin Park; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):877-880. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3236-0

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In the present study, 151 genes showed a significant change in their expression levels in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21300 compared with those of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. Of these 151 genes, 56 genes (2%) were up-regulated and 95 genes (3%) were down-regulated. RNA sequencing analysis also revealed that 11 genes, involved in the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway of C. glutamicum, were up- or downregulated compared with those of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. Of the 151 genes, 10 genes were identified to have mutations including SNP (9 genes) and InDel (1 gene). This information will be useful for genome breeding of C. glutamicum to develop an industrial amino acid-producing strain with minimal mutation.

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Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to clarithromycin is the most common cause of treatment failure in patients with H. pylori infections. This study describes the MICs and the presence of 23S rRNA mutations of H. pylori isolates from Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. H. pylori were isolated from gastric biopsies from patients with functional dyspepsia. Clarithromycin susceptibility was investigated by agar dilution and strains were considered resistant if the MIC was ≥1 μg/ml. DNA sequences of the 23S rRNA gene of strains resistant and sensitive to clarithromycin were determined to identify specific point mutations. Clarithromycin resistance was present in 13.6% of patients by agar dilution. The A2143G, A2142G and A2142C mutations were found in 90.5, 7.1, and 2.4% of H. pylori strains with resistance genotype.The resistant phenotype was associated with 23S rRNA resistance genotype in 85.7% of isolates. The point mutations in 23S rRNA were well correlated with MICs values for clarithromycin.

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Prevalence of Amino Acid Changes in the yvqF, vraSR, graSR, and tcaRAB Genes from Vancomycin Intermediate Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Jae Il Yoo , Jung Wook Kim , Gi Su Kang , Hwa Su Kim , Jung Sik Yoo , Yeong Seon Lee; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(2):160-165. Published online April 27, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3088-7

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Vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) strains are increasingly prevalent in the hospital setting, and are of major concern in the treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections. Multiple mutations in vancomycinsusceptible S. aureus (VSSA) strains likely led to the emergence of VISA, and point mutations in the agr, orf1, yvqF, vraSR, graSR, and tcaRAB genes of VISA strains have been shown to contribute to glycopeptide resistance. Therefore, we investigated point mutations in these genes from 87 VISA and 27 VSSA clinical strains isolated from Korean hospitals. All strains were assigned an agr type (I, II, or III) on the basis of multiplex PCR, with the majority of VISA strains belonging to agr groups I and II. Sequencing revealed amino acid changes in vraS from VISA strains which were not present in the VSSA strains. The E59D substitution in the vraR gene occurred in 36.3% of VSSA/agrI and 92.7% of VISA/agrI strains, suggesting that this mutation associated with emergence of VISA/agrI strains. VISA strains were classified into 31 mutation patterns according to mutations in the yvqF, vraSR, graSR, and tcaRAB genes. In addition, the mutation patterns were correlated with agr and sequence type (ST). The most prevalent pattern included agr type I (ST 72) strains with E59D (vraR), L26F and T224I (graS), D148Q (graR), and L218P, R283H and G312D (tcaA) amino acid substitutions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of mutation pattern 5 toward oxacillin and imipenem was much lower than that of patterns 6 and 24. These results improve our understanding of emergence of VISA strains.

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Screening of Mutant Strain Streptomyces mediolani sp. AC37 for (-)-8-O-Methyltetrangomycin Production Enhancement: Jakeline Trejos Jiménez , Maria Sturdíková , Vlasta Brezová , Emil Svajdlenka , Marta Novotová; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(6):1014-1023. Published online December 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2025-5

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Streptomyces mediolani sp. AC37 was isolated from the root system of higher plant Taxus baccata and produced metabolite identified as (-)-8-O-methyltetrangomycin according to LC/MS/MS analysis. In our screening program for improvements of bioactive secondary metabolites from plant associate streptomycetes, mutation was used as a tool for the induction of genetic variations for selection of higher (-)-8-O-methyltetrangomycin producers of isolates. S. mediolani sp. AC37 was treated with UV irradiation and chemical mutagenic treatment (N-nitroso-N-methyl-urea). The radical scavenging and antioxidant capacity of (-)-8-O-methyltetrangomycin and extracts isolated from mutants were tested using EPR spin trapping technique and ABTS􀁹+ assay. Comparison of electron microscopic images of Streptomyces sp. AC37 and mutant strains of Streptomyces sp. AC37 revealed substantial differences in morphology and ultrastructure.

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NOTE] Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Genome-Wide Mutation Analysis of L-Lysine-Producing Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21300 Strain: Chang-Soo Lee , Jae-Young Nam , Eun-Suk Son , O-chul Kwon , Woorijarang Han , Jae-Yong Cho , Young-Jin Park; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):860-863. Published online November 4, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2109-2

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In order to identify single nucleotide polymorphism and insertion/deletion mutations, we performed whole-genome re-sequencing of the enhanced L-lysine-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21300 strain. In total, 142 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 477 insertion/deletion mutations were identified in the ATCC 21300 strain when compared to 3,434 predicted genes of the wild-type C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 strain. Among them, 110 transitions and 29 transversions of single nucleotide polymorphisms were found from genes of the ATCC 21300 strain. In addition, 11 genes, involved in the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway and central carbohydrate metabolism, contained mutations including single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions. Interestingly, RT-PCR analysis of these 11 genes indicated that they were normally expressed in the ATCC 21300 strain. This information of genome-wide gene-associated variations will be useful for genome breeding of C. glutamicum in order to develop an industrial amino acidproducing strain with minimal mutation.

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Review of the Proteomics and Metabolic Properties of Corynebacterium glutamicum
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Yusheng Wang, Yunlong Bai, Qi Zeng, Zeyuan Jiang, Yuzhe Liu, Xiyan Wang, Xiaoting Liu, Chunlei Liu, Weihong Min
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2023; 253: 126916. CrossRef
Obtaining a series of native gradient promoter-5′-UTR sequences in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032
Ning Li, Weizhu Zeng, Sha Xu, Jingwen Zhou
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The BFK20 phage replication origin confers a phage-encoded resistance phenotype to the industrial strain Brevibacterium flavum
Gabriela Bukovska, Jana Ugorcakova, Nora Halgasova, Lucia Bocanova, Adela Tkacova
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L-lysine production improvement: a review of the state of the art and patent landscape focusing on strain development and fermentation technologies
Fernanda Karine do Carmo Félix, Luiz Alberto Junior Letti, Gilberto Vinícius de Melo Pereira, Pedro Gabriel Borges Bonfim, Vanete Thomaz Soccol, Carlos Ricardo Soccol
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Comparative analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum genomes: a new perspective for the industrial production of amino acids
Junjie Yang, Sheng Yang
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Next-generation sequencing-based transcriptome analysis of l-lysine-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 21300 strain
Hong-Il Kim, Jae-Young Nam, Jae-Yong Cho, Chang-Soo Lee, Young-Jin Park
Journal of Microbiology.2013; 51(6): 877. CrossRef

Journal Article

Genotypic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Tunisian Isoniazid-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains: Alya Soudani , Meriem Zribi , Feriel Messaadi , Taieb Messaoud , Afef Masmoudi , Mohamed Zribi , Chedlia Fendri; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):413-417. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0268-1

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Forty three isoniazid (INH)-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were characterized on the basis of the most common INH associated mutations, katG315 and mabA -15C→T, and phenotypic properties (i.e. MIC of INH, resistance associated pattern, and catalase activity). Typing for resistance mutations was performed by Multiplex Allele-Specific PCR and sequencing reaction. Mutations at either codon were detected in 67.5% of isolates: katG315 in 37.2, mabA -15C→T in 27.9 and both of them in 2.4%, respectively. katG sequencing showed a G insertion at codon 325 detected in 2 strains and leading to amino acid change T326D which has not been previously reported. Distribution of each mutation, among the investigated strains, showed that katG S315T was associated with multiple-drug profile, high-level INH resistance and loss or decreased catalase activity; whereas the mabA -15C→T was more prevalent in mono-INH resistant isolates, but it was not only associated with a low-level INH resistance. It seems that determination of catalase activity aids in the detection of isolates for which MICs are high and could, in conjunction with molecular methods, provide rapid detection of most clinical INH-resistant strains.

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Mutations in rpoB and katG genes and the inhA operon in multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Zambia
Eddie S. Solo, Chie Nakajima, Trevor Kaile, Precious Bwalya, Grace Mbulo, Yukari Fukushima, Sylvia Chila, Nanthan Kapata, Yogendra Shah, Yasuhiko Suzuki
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Jainagul Isakova, Nurmira Sovkhozova, Denis Vinnikov, Zoy Goncharova, Elnura Talaibekova, Nazira Aldasheva, Almaz Aldashev
BMC Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Genotyping and molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among tuberculosis lymphadenitis cases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
O. Zewdie, A. Mihret, T. Abebe, A. Kebede, K. Desta, A. Worku, G. Ameni
New Microbes and New Infections.2018; 21: 36. CrossRef
Evaluation of the GenoType MTBDRplus assay for detection of rifampicin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in central Ethiopia
Zufan Bedewi Omer, Yalemtsehay Mekonnen, Adane Worku, Aboma Zewde, Girmay Medhin, Temesgen Mohammed, Rembert Pieper, Gobena Ameni
International Journal of Mycobacteriology.2016; 5(4): 475. CrossRef
Resistance to Isoniazid and Ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis : Genes, Mutations, and Causalities
Catherine Vilchèze, William R. Jacobs JR., Graham F. Hatfull, William R. Jacobs Jr.
Microbiology Spectrum.2014;[Epub] CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Deoxycytidine Production by Metabolically Engineered Corynebacterium ammoniagenes: Yun-Bom Lee , Hong Baek , Sang-Kyum Kim , Hyung-Hwan Hyun; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(1):53-57. Published online March 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0195-1

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Corynebacterium ammoniagenes N424 was metabolically modified to isolate overproducers of deoxycytidine. Inosine auxotrophy (ino-) was initially introduced to prevent the flow of PRPP (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate) into the purine biosynthetic pathway by random mutagenesis using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Following that, mutants possessing hydroxyurea resistance (HUr) were isolated to increase the activity of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, which catalyzes the reduction of ribonucleoside diphosphate to deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate. Then, in order to block the flow of dCTP into the TMP biosynthetic pathway via dUTP, thymine auxotrophy (thy-) was introduced into the mutant IH30 with ino- and HUr. The resulting mutant IM7, possessing the characteristics of ino-, HUr, and thy-, was deficient in dCTP deaminase and produced significantly higher amounts of deoxycytidine (81.3 mg/L) compared to its mother strain IH30 (6.2 mg/L). Deoxycytidine productivity was further enhanced by isolating the mutant IU19, which was resistant to 5-fluorouracil, an inhibitor of carbamoyl phosphate synthase. This enzyme catalyzed the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate from glutamine, HCO3 -, and ATP. 5-Fluorouracil also inhibited aspartate transcarbamoylase, catalyzeing the condensation of carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate. Finally, 5-fluorocytosine resistance (FCr) was introduced into the mutant strain IU19 to relieve the repression caused by accumulation of pyrimidine nucleosides. The mutant strain IC14-C6 possessing all the five characteristics described above produced 226.3 mg/L of deoxycytidine, which was at least 2,000 fold higher compared to the wild type, and accumulated only a negligible amount of other pyrimidines under shake flask fermentation.

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Deoxycytidine production by a metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strain
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NOTE] Simple Identification of veA1 Mutation in Aspergillus nidulans: Kap-Hoon Han , Jae-Sin Park , Keon Sang Chae , Dong-Min Han; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(6):885-887. Published online January 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0506-y

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The veA gene plays an important role in development of a homothallic filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The veA1 phenotype can be difficult to distinguish from the wild-type veA. Despite the importance of the veA allele, no efficient identification method has been reported besides DNA sequencing. Here, we present simple physiological and molecular biological ways to distinguish between the veA wild-type and veA1 allele. The novel approaches, which involve incubation in the presence of oxalic acid, polymerase chain reaction using double mismatched primers, and BstXI enzyme digestion, are simpler, faster and more cost-efficient than genome sequencing.

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Chemical composition of essential oil and antifungal activity of Artemisia persica Boiss. from Iran
Reza Dehghani Bidgoli
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HMGB proteins are required for sexual development in Aspergillus nidulans
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NapA Mediates a Redox Regulation of the Antioxidant Response, Carbon Utilization and Development in Aspergillus nidulans
Ariann E. Mendoza-Martínez, Fernando Lara-Rojas, Olivia Sánchez, Jesús Aguirre
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Rafael Jaimes-Arroyo, Fernando Lara-Rojas, Özgür Bayram, Oliver Valerius, Gerhard H. Braus, Jesús Aguirre
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A putative APSES transcription factor is necessary for normal growth and development of Aspergillus nidulans
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Promoter Analysis of Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus Ubiquitin Gene: Xu’ai Lin , Yin Chen , Yongzhu Yi , Jie Yan , Zhifang Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(4):429-435. Published online August 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0163-y

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The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) ubiquitin gene promoter and the effects of conserved motifs, such as TAAG, TATA, and CAAT, along with baculovirus enhancer homologous region 3 (hr3), on promoter activity. Ubiquitin gene of BmNPV was expressed during the late phase of virus infection. In the presence of viral factors, significant reduction of promoter activity was observed by deletion of -382 to -124 bp upstream of ATG. The fragment between -187 and -383 bp upstream of ATG, including distal TAAG, CAAT motif, and TATA box, could also drive expression of the reporter gene. The mutation of cis-elements TATA boxes and TAAG motifs significantly decreased the promoter’s activity, while CAAT mutations enhanced promoter activity by 2- or 3-fold, as compared with the native promoter. In the presence of BmNPV, hr3, both located downstream of the reporter gene of the same vector, and separate vector, could significantly enhance transcription activity of ubiquitin promoter as compared to the control. We concluded that BmNPV ubiquitin gene might be regulated by dual sets of promoter elements, where TAAG and TATA box may positively regulate the expression of ubiquitin, while CAAT motif functions as a negative regulator. Viral factor(s) play an important role in the co-activation of hr3 and promoter.

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NOTE] Molecular Analysis of the fur (ferric uptake regulator) Gene of a Pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda Strain: Fang Wang , Shuang Cheng , Kun Sun , Li Sun; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(3):350-355. Published online July 5, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0038-x

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The gene encoding the Edwardsiella tarda ferric uptake regulator (FurEt) was cloned from a pathogenic E. tarda strain isolated from diseased fish. FurEt shares 90% overall sequence identity with the Escherichia coli Fur (FurEc) and was able to complement the mutant phenotype of a furEc-defective E. coli strain. Mutational analysis indicated that C92S and C95S mutations inactivated FurEt whereas E112K mutation resulted in a superactive FurEt variant. FurEt negatively regulated its own expression; interruption of this regulation impaired bacterial growth, altered the production of certain outer membrane proteins, and attenuated bacterial virulence.

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A Proteomic Approach to Study msDNA Function in Escherichia coli: Mi-Ae Jeong , Dongbin Lim; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(3):200-204.; DOI: https://doi.org/2089 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Retron is a prokaryotic genetic element that produces multicopy single-stranded DNA covalently linked to RNA (msDNA) by a reverse transcriptase. It was found that cells producing a large amount of msDNA, rather than those that did not, showed a higher rate of mutation. In order to understand the molecular mechanism connecting msDNA production to the high mutation rate the protein patterns were compared by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Ten proteins were found to be differentially expressed at levels more than three fold greater in cells with than without msDNA, nine of which were identified by MALDI TOF MS. Eight of the nine identified proteins were repressed in msDNA-producing cells and, surprisingly, most were proteins functioning in the dissimilation of various carbon sources. One protein was induced four fold greater in the msDNA producing cells and was identified as a 30S ribosomal protein S2 involved in the regulation of translation. The molecular mechanism underlying the elevated mutation in msDNA-producing cell still remains elusive.

Selection of Laccase Over-secreting Mutant in Coprinus congregature: Kim, Soon Ja , Choi, Hyoung Tae; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(2):146-148.

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Abstract PDF: Coprinus congregatus has a membrane-associated laccase which is not secreted into culture media. A mutant monokaryon obtained, by U. V. irradiation followed by protoplast generation and regeneration method, was successfully isolated. When the mutant was grown on a agar plate or in a liquid medium, it secreted laccase while the wild type did not under the same growth conditions. The laccase of the mutant was compared with that of wild type did not under the same growth conditions. The laccase of the mutant was compared with that of wild type of native PAGE analysis, and showed identical mobility.

Detection of rifampin resistance mutation and its altered nucleotide sequences in mycobacterium leprae isolated from Korean patients with leprosy: Kim, Soon Ok , Kim, Min Joo , Chae, Gue Tae , Suh, Joo Won; J. Microbiol. 1996;34(3):236-240.

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Abstract PDF: Rifampin is the most powerful drug for treating leprosy and tuberculosis today. It inhibits initiation and elonation of RNA transcription by binding to β-subunit of RNA polymerase, leading to kill mycobacteria. We isolated one variant strain of Mycobacterium leprae from 24 Korean leprosy patients who are less susceptible to rifampin or have suffered from relapse by polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) of the rpoB gene. Direct sequencing of the rpoB to Ser-464, Arg-465, Arg-467 and Ala-468. This is the first finding on rpoB gene mutation of M. leprae from Korean patients ; moreover the mutant type was found to be different from the previously reported cases in other countries.

Isolation and Characterization of the New Conditional-lethal Mutations in byr4 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe by in vitro Mutagenesis: Song, Ki Won , Shin, Se Jong , Albright, Charles F.; J. Microbiol. 1998;36(4):296-302.

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Abstract PDF: Coordination of nuclear division, cytokinesis, and septation is essential for maintaining the genomic stability during the cell division cycle. byr4 in fission yeas schizosaccharomyced pombe encodes an essential gene that regulates the timing of cytokinesis and septation in a dosage-de-pendent manner (Song et al., 1996). The knock-out of byr4 causes cell cycle arrest in late mitosis with multiple cytokinesis and septation, while byr4 is an essential gene, characterization of the byr4 null phenotypes and inbestigation of its genetic interactions with other mutants entail technical limitations. To better characterize the functional mechanisms of byr4 through phenotypic and genetic analyses, we generated five temperature-sensitive byr4 mutant alleles. A truncated byr4 with a deletion corresponding to the N-terminal 29 amino acids was randomly mutagenized by hydrocylamine in vitro. The mutagenized byr4 with an N-treminal truncation was integrated into the byr4 locus of S. pombe genome. Cells that formed colonies at the permissive temperature, 25℃, but could not grow at the restrictive temperatures, 18℃ or 35℃, were isolated. We successfully isolated five temperature-sensitive byr4 alleles (KSY1-5) that could not grow at 35℃. In the restrictive temperature, KSY1, KSY3, and KSY5 alleles arrested cells with multiple septation while chromosome segregation was normal in these alleles. KSY2 and KSY4 alleles exhibited two phenotypes at the restrictive temperature: cells were arrested with multiple nuclei due to the inhibition of cytokinesis or with multiple nuclei that were separated by septum. These newly isolated byr4 conditional alleles will be useful for the deduction of cellular processes where byr4 functions. Genetic studies and suppressor screens of the conditional alleles can provide useful tools for the isolation of interacting proteins with Byr4p.

A Novel UV-Sensitivity Mutation Induces Nucleotide Excision Repair Phenotype and Shows Epistatic Relationships with UvsF and UvsB Groups in Aspergillus nidulans: F. Baptista , M. A. A. Castro-Prado; J. Microbiol. 2001;39(2):102-108.

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Abstract PDF: DNA damage response has a central role in the maintenance of genomic integrity while mutations in related genes may result in a range of disorders, including neoplasic formations. The uvsZ1 characterized in this report is a novel uvs mutation in Aspergillus nidulans, resulting in a nucleotide excision repair (NER) phenotype: UV-sensitivity before DNA synthesis (quiescent cells), high UV-induced mutation frequency and probable absence of involvement with mitotic and meiotic recombinations. The mutation is recessive and non-allelic to the previously characterized uvsA101 mutation, also located on the paba-y interval on chromosome I. uvsZ1 showed wild-type sensitivity to MMS, which suggests non-involvement of this mutation with BER. Epitasis tests showed that the uvsZ gene product is probably involved in the same repair pathways as UVSB or UVSH proteins. Although mutations in these proteins result in an NER phenotype, UVSB is related with cell cycle control and UVSH is associated with the post-replicational repair pathway. The epistatic interaction among uvsZ1 and uvsB413 and uvsH77 mutations indicates that different repair systems may be related with the common steps of DNA damage response in Aspergillus nidulans.

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of cDNA Encoding Immunoglobulin Heavy and Light chain Variable Regions from Four Chicken Monoclonal Antibodies Specific to Surface Antigens of Intestinal Parasite, Eimeria acervulina: Ki Duk Song , Jae Yong Han , Wongi Min , Hyun S. Lillehoj , Sung Won Kim , Jin-Kyoo Kim; J. Microbiol. 2001;39(1):49-55.

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Abstract PDF: We have developed four chicken hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to induce a protective immune response against the chicken disease avian coccidiosis, caused by the intestinal parasite Eimeria acervulina. However, since the amount of antibodies secreted from these hybridomas is too low or sometimes they lost their ability to produce antibodies, the hybridoma method is not satisfactory in the production of large amounts of chicken monoclonal antibodies. To bypass these problems, we applied the antibody engineering technology using polymerase chain reaction. We cloned and determined the sequences of variable domains of the four chicken monoclonal antibodies, namely, 2-1, 5D11, 13C8 and 8C3. The sequences comparison to germline sequences showed that the gene conversion mechanism might contribute to developing diversification of heavy and l-light chains in chicken antibodies. Several pseudogene families regarded as donors in gene conversion were identified at each framework region and the complementarity determining region of l-light chains. In addition, as expected, numerous changes of nucleotide sequences such as nucleotide substitution, insertion and deletion were found predominantly in complementarity determining regions, which are likely to be somatic hypermutations as a result of affinity maturation in antibody-producing cells.

Mutation Spectrum of Manganese (II) Peroxidase Gene in the Pleurotusostreatus Mutants Induced by Gamma Radiation: Hwa-Hyoung Chang^ , Young-Keun Lee^ , Jae-Sung Kim^ , Ki-Sung Lee^ , Kyu Seong Cho^; J. Microbiol. 2003;41(1):52-57.

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Abstract PDF: The mutational spectra in the manganese (II) peroxidase gene (mnp) of the Pleurotus ostreatus mutants induced by gamma radiation (Co^60) give evidence to prove the effect of gamma radiation on the gene. mnp of each mutant was cloned, sequenced and analyzed. Among the 1941 base pairs of the sequenced region of the mnp genes of 4 mutants (PO-5, -6, -15 and -16), nine mutational hotspots on which the same base was mutated simultaneously were found, additionally 6 mutations were also found at different positions in the mnp gene. These mutation-spectra were predominantly A:T_G:C transitions (50.1%). By the analysis of putative amino acid sequences, PO-5 and PO-16 mutants have 3 and 1 mutated residues, respectively. Since the mutational spectra reported herein are specific to the mnp gene, we propose that the mutational hotspots for the gamma radiation could be in the gene(s) within cells.

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