Journal of Microbiology

Journal Article

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Facilitates Susceptibility to Bloodstream Infection: Xiaomin Lin, Chun Lin, Xin Li, Fen Yao, Xiaoling Guo, Meimei Wang, Mi Zeng, Yumeng Yuan, Qingdong Xie, Xudong Huang, Xiaoyang Jiao; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1113-1124. Published online December 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00190-5

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Abstract: To study the role of intestinal flora in the development of bloodstream infections (BSIs). 42 patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were screened into the study and their intestinal flora was measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The bacterial diversity was significantly lower in the BSI group compared with that in the HCs (P < 0.001), and beta diversity was significantly differentiated between the two groups (PERMANOVA, P = 0.001). The four keystone species [Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Enterococcus (LDA > 4)] differed significantly between the two groups. Dysbiosis of fecal microbial ecology is a common condition present in patients with BSI. The proliferation of certain pathogens or reduction of SCFA-producing bacteria would cause susceptibility to BSI.

Review

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Indications, Methods, and Challenges.: Jee Young Lee, Yehwon Kim, Jiyoun Kim, Jiyeun Kate Kim; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1057-1074. Published online November 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00184-3

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Over the past two decades, as the importance of gut microbiota to human health has become widely known, attempts have been made to treat diseases by correcting dysbiosis of gut microbiota through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Apart from current knowledge of gut microbiota, FMT to treat disease has a long history, from the treatment of food poisoning in the fourth century to the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections in the twentieth century. In 2013, FMT was recognized as a standard treatment for recurrent C. difficile because it consistently showed high efficacy. Though recurrent C. difficile is the only disease internationally recognized for FMT efficacy, FMT has been tested for other diseases and shown some promising preliminary results. Different FMT methods have been developed using various formulations and administration routes. Despite advances in FMT, some issues remain to be resolved, such as donor screening, manufacturing protocols, and unknown components in the fecal microbiota. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms, clinical indications, methods, and challenges of current FMT. We also discuss the development of alternative therapies to overcome the challenges of FMT.

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Transplantation of Fecal Flora from Patients with Atherosclerosis to Mice Can Increase Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Affect Intestinal Flora and Its Metabolites
Liang Feng, Jianting Feng, Li He, Fu Chen, Xin Feng, Suwen Wang
Applied Microbiology.2025; 5(1): 29. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Infection Dynamics of Dengue Virus in Caco-2 Cells Depending on Its Differentiation Status: Jayoung Nam, Jisu Lee, Geon A Kim, Seung-Min Yoo, Changhoon Park, Myung-Shin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(9):799-809. Published online August 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00161-w

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Abstract: Dengue virus (DENV), from the Flaviviridae family, is the causative agent of dengue fever and poses a significant global health challenge. The virus primarily affects the vascular system and liver; however, a growing body of evidence suggests its involvement in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, contributing to clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. However, the mechanisms underlying DENV infection in the digestive system remain largely unexplored. Prior research has detected viral RNA in the GI tissue of infected animals; however, whether the dengue virus can directly infect human enterocytes remains unclear. In this study, we examine the infectivity of human intestinal cell lines to the dengue virus and their subsequent response. We report that the Caco-2 cell line, a model of human enterocytes, is susceptible to infection and capable of producing viruses. Notably, differentiated Caco-2 cells exhibited a lower infection rate yet a higher level of virus production than their undifferentiated counterparts. These findings suggest that human intestinal cells are a viable target for the dengue virus, potentially elucidating the GI symptoms observed in dengue fever and offering a new perspective on the pathogenetic mechanisms of the virus.

Yeast polyubiquitin unit regulates synaptonemal complex formation and recombination during meiosis: Min-Kyung Jo , Kiwon Rhee , Keun Pil Kim , Soogil Hong; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):705-714. Published online July 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2204-y

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Abstract

Ubiquitin is highly conserved in most eukaryotes and involved in diverse physiological processes, including cell division, protein quality control, and protein degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system after heat shock, glucose-starvation, and oxidative stress. However, the role of the ubiquitin gene UBI4, which contains five consecutive head-to-tail ubiquitin repeats, in meiosis has not been investigated. In this study, we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae polyubiquitin precursor gene, UBI4, is required to promote synaptonemal complex (SC) formation and suppress excess doublestrand break formation. Moreover, the proportion of Zip1 polycomplexes, which indicate abnormal SC formation, in cells with a mutation in UBI4 (i.e., ubi4Δ cells) is higher than that of wild-type cells, implying that the UBI4 plays an important role in the early meiotic prophase I. Interestingly, although ubi4Δ cells rarely form full-length SCs in the pachytene stage of prophase I, the Zip3 foci are still seen, as in wild-type cells. Moreover, ubi4Δ cells proficiently form crossover and noncrossover products with a slight delay compared to wild-type cells, suggesting that UBI4 is dispensable in SCcoupled recombination. Our findings demonstrate that UBI4 exhibits dual functions that are associated with both positive and negative roles in SC formation and recombination during meiosis.

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The deubiquitinase Usp7 in Drosophila melanogaster is required for synaptonemal complex maintenance
Cathleen M. Lake, Jennifer Gardner, Salam Briggs, Zulin Yu, Grace McKown, R. Scott Hawley
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Activity of Lactobacillus crispatus isolated from vaginal microbiota against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Youngkyoung Lee , Hoonhee Seo , Sukyung Kim Abdur Rahim , Youjin Yoon , Jehee Jung , Saebim Lee , Chang Beom Ryu , Ho-Yeon Song; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):1019-1030. Published online November 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1332-0

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Abstract

Tuberculosis, an infectious disease, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains a significant public health issue around the globe, causing about 1.8 million deaths every year. Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant (MDR), extremely-drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drugresistant (TDR) M. tuberculosis, continues to be a threat to public health. In the case of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis, the treatment effect of conventional antibiotics is low. Side effects caused by high doses over a long period are causing severe problems. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent need to develop a new anti-tuberculosis drug that is different from the existing compound-based antibiotics. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms conferring health benefits. They can be potential therapeutic agents in this context as the effectiveness of probiotics against different infectious diseases has been well established. Here, we report that Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 shows a promising effect on tuberculosis isolated from vaginal fluids of healthy Korean women. Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 reduced M. tuberculosis H37Rv under co-culture conditions in broth and reduced M. tuberculosis H37Rv and XDR M. tuberculosis in macrophages. Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 was not toxic to a guinea pig model and did not induce dysbiosis in a human intestinal microbial ecosystem simulator. Taken together, these
results
indicate that L. crispatus PMC201 can be a promising alternative drug candidate in the current tuberculosis drug regime. Further study is warranted to assess the in vivo efficacy and confirm the mode of action of L. crispatus PMC201.

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Exploring the potential of Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 in inducing autophagy to reduce the burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Md Abdur Rahim, Hoonhee Seo, Sukyung Kim, Indrajeet Barman, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Saebim Lee, Ho-Yeon Song
Medical Microbiology and Immunology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of lyophilized Lactobacillus sakei as a potential candidate for preventing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella infection
Hanieh Tajdozian, Hoonhee Seo, Yoonkyoung Jeong, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Chae-eun Park, Faezeh Sarafraz, Md Abdur Rahim, Youngkyoung Lee, Sukyung Kim, Saebim Lee, Jung-Hyun Ju, Chul-Ho Kim, Ho-Yeon Song
Annals of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Probiotic Strains with Anti-Tuberculosis Activity and Their Characterization as Potential Therapeutic Agents
Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Hoonhee Seo, Md Abdur Rahim, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Indrajeet Barman, Hokyoung Kim, Jinhyeon An, Sukyung Kim, Ho-Yeon Song
Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2024; 54(4): 325. CrossRef
The gut and lung microbiota in pulmonary tuberculosis: susceptibility, function, and new insights into treatment
Qiqi Zhuo, Xianyi Zhang, Kehong Zhang, Chan Chen, Zhen Huang, Yuzhong Xu
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2023; 21(12): 1355. CrossRef
Host microbiome in tuberculosis: disease, treatment, and immunity perspectives
Archana Pant, Bhabatosh Das, Gopalakrishnan Aneeshkumar Arimbasseri
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Antibiotic Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Potential Use of Natural and Biological Products as Alternative Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
Roberto Arrigoni, Andrea Ballini, Skender Topi, Lucrezia Bottalico, Emilio Jirillo, Luigi Santacroce
Antibiotics.2022; 11(10): 1431. CrossRef
In Vivo Efficacy of Bacillus velezensis Isolated from Korean Gochang Bokbunja Vinegar against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections
Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Hoonhee Seo, Hanieh Tajdozian, Youngkyoung Lee, MD Abdur Rahim, Sukyung Kim, Il-Yun Jung, Saebim Lee, Ho-Yeon Song
Polish Journal of Microbiology.2022; 71(4): 553. CrossRef

Crystal structure of human LC8 bound to a peptide from Ebola virus VP35: Dahwan Lim , Ho-Chul Shin , Joon Sig Choi , Seung Jun Kim , Bonsu Ku; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(4):410-416. Published online February 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0641-7

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Abstract

Zaire ebolavirus, commonly called Ebola virus (EBOV), is an RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality. Viral protein 35 (VP35) is a virulence factor encoded in the EBOV genome. VP35 inhibits host innate immune responses and functions as a critical cofactor for viral RNA replication. EBOV VP35 contains a short conserved motif that interacts with dynein light chain 8 (LC8), which serves as a regulatory hub protein by associating with various LC8-binding proteins. Herein, we present the crystal structure of human LC8 bound to the peptide comprising residues 67−76 of EBOV VP35. Two VP35 peptides were found to interact with homodimeric LC8 by extending the central β- sheets, constituting a 2:2 complex. Structural analysis demonstrated that the intermolecular binding between LC8 and VP35 is mainly sustained by a network of hydrogen bonds and supported by hydrophobic interactions in which Thr73 and Thr75 of VP35 are involved. These findings were verified by binding measurements using isothermal titration calorimetry. Biochemical analyses also verified that residues 67−76 of EBOV VP35 constitute a core region for interaction with LC8. In addition, corresponding motifs from other members of the genus Ebolavirus commonly bound to LC8 but with different binding affinities. Particularly, VP35 peptides originating from pathogenic species interacted with LC8 with higher affinity than those from noninfectious species, suggesting that the binding of VP35 to LC8 is associated with the pathogenicity of the Ebolavirus species.

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Crystal Structures of Plk1 Polo-Box Domain Bound to the Human Papillomavirus Minor Capsid Protein L2-Derived Peptide
Sujin Jung, Hye Seon Lee, Ho-Chul Shin, Joon Sig Choi, Seung Jun Kim, Bonsu Ku
Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(8): 755. CrossRef
Borna Disease Virus 1 Phosphoprotein Forms a Tetramer and Interacts with Host Factors Involved in DNA Double-Strand Break Repair and mRNA Processing
Nicolas Tarbouriech, Florian Chenavier, Junna Kawasaki, Kamel Bachiri, Jean-Marie Bourhis, Pierre Legrand, Lily L. Freslon, Estelle M. N. Laurent, Elsa Suberbielle, Rob W. H. Ruigrok, Keizo Tomonaga, Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia, Masayuki Horie, Etienne Coyaud,
Viruses.2022; 14(11): 2358. CrossRef
Structural and biochemical analysis of the PTPN4 PDZ domain bound to the C-terminal tail of the human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein
Hye Seon Lee, Hye-Yeoung Yun, Eun-Woo Lee, Ho-Chul Shin, Seung Jun Kim, Bonsu Ku
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(4): 395. CrossRef

Review

[MINIREVIEW]Phosphate sugar isomerases and their potential for rare sugar bioconversion: Soo-Jung Kim , Yeong-Su Kim , Soo-Jin Yeom; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(9):725-733. Published online June 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0226-x

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Abstract

Phosphate sugar isomerases, catalyzing the isomerization between ketopentose/ketohexose phosphate and aldopentose/ aldohexose phosphate, play an important role in microbial sugar metabolism. They are present in a wide range of microorganisms. They have attracted increasing research interest because of their broad substrate specificity and great potential in the enzymatic production of various rare sugars. Here, the enzymatic properties of various phosphate sugar isomerases are reviewed in terms of their substrate specificities and their applications in the production of valuable rare sugars because of their functions such as low-calorie sweeteners, bulking agents, and pharmaceutical precursor. Specifically, we focused on the industrial applications of D-ribose-5-phosphate isomerase and D-mannose-6-phosphate isomerase to produce D-allose and L-ribose, respectively.

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Production of Value-Added Arabinofuranosyl Nucleotide Analogues from Nucleoside by an In Vitro Enzymatic Synthetic Biosystem
Yuxue Liu, Xiaojing Zhang, Erchu Yang, Xiaobei Liu, Weiwei Su, Zhenyu Wang, Hailei Wang
Biomolecules.2024; 14(11): 1440. CrossRef
Taxonomic Identification of the Arctic Strain Nocardioides Arcticus Sp. Nov. and Global Transcriptomic Analysis in Response to Hydrogen Peroxide Stress
Bailin Cong, Hui Zhang, Shuang Li, Shenghao Liu, Jing Lin, Aifang Deng, Wenqi Liu, Yan Yang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(18): 13943. CrossRef
A putative glucose 6-phosphate isomerase has pleiotropic functions on virulence and other mechanisms in Acidovorax citrulli
Lynn Heo, Yoobin Han, Yongmin Cho, Junhyeok Choi, Jeongwook Lee, Sang-Wook Han
Frontiers in Plant Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing the genomic composition, putative ecological relevance and biotechnological potential of plasmids from sponge bacterial symbionts
Vanessa Oliveira, Ana R.M. Polónia, Daniel F.R. Cleary, Yusheng M. Huang, Nicole J. de Voogd, Tina Keller-Costa, Rodrigo Costa, Newton C.M. Gomes
Microbiological Research.2022; 265: 127183. CrossRef
Enhanced isomerization of rare sugars by ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A from Ochrobactrum sp. CSL1
Rong Wang, Xinqi Xu, Xuemei Yao, Hengtao Tang, Xin Ju, Liangzhi Li
Enzyme and Microbial Technology.2021; 148: 109789. CrossRef
Simultaneous Production of D-Tagatose, D-Arabitol and Galactitol from Cheese Whey Powder Using Combined Biotransformation and Fermentation Strategies
Guoyan Zhang, Hossain M. Zabed, Yingfeng An, Junhua Yun, Jiaqi Huang, Yufei Zhang, Xiaolan Li, Jiangfei Wang, Xianghui Qi
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Engineering ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B from a central carbon metabolic enzyme to a promising sugar biocatalyst
Hengtao Tang, Xin Ju, Jing Zhao, Liangzhi Li
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 105(2): 509. CrossRef
Construction of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing xylitol-4-dehydrogenase and optimization for enhanced L-xylulose biotransformation from xylitol
Mesfin Angaw Tesfay, Xin Wen, Yujie Liu, Huibin Lin, Linxu Chen, Jianqiang Lin, Jianqun Lin
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering.2021; 44(6): 1021. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cell induced by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus: Na Geng , Kangping Liu , Jianwei Lu , Yuliang Xu , Xiaozhou Wang , Run Wang , Jianzhu Liu , Yongxia Liu , Bo Han; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):320-329. Published online February 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9182-8

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Abstract

Bovine mastitis is a common disease in the dairy industry that causes great economic losses. As the primary pathogen of contagious mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can invade bovine mammary epithelial cells, thus evading immune defenses and resulting in persistent infection. Recently, autophagy has been considered an important mechanism for host cells to clear intracellular pathogens. In the current study, autophagy caused by S. aureus was detected, and the correlation between autophagy and intracellular S. aureus survival was assessed. First, a model of intracellular S. aureus infection was established. Then, the autophagy of MAC-T cells was evaluated by confocal microscopy and western blot. Moreover, the activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways was determined by western blot. Finally, the relationship between intracellular bacteria and autophagy was analyzed by using autophagy regulators (3-methyladenine [3-MA], rapamycin [Rapa] and chloroquine [CQ]). The
results
showed that S. aureus caused obvious induction of autophagosome formation, transformation of LC3I/II, and degradation of p62/SQSTM1 in MAC-T cells; furthermore, the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways were activated. The number of intracellular S. aureus increased significantly with autophagy activation by rapamycin, whereas the number decreased when the autophagy flux was inhibited by chloroquine. Therefore, this study indicated that intracellular S. aureus can induce autophagy and utilize it to survive in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

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Carotenoids as modulators of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: innovative strategies in cancer therapy
Biswajit Kumar Utpal, Zerrouki Dehbia, B. M. Redwan Matin Zidan, Sherouk Hussein Sweilam, Laliteshwar Pratap Singh, M. S. Arunkumar, M. Sona, Uttam Prasad Panigrahy, R. Keerthana, Sandhya Rani Mandadi, Safia Obaidur Rab, Mohammed Ali Alshehri, Doukani Kou
Medical Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Staphylococcus aureus regulates Th17 cells and autophagy via STING in chronic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Weigang Gan, Xingchen Liu, Feng Liu, Junying Hu
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Modulatory Effects of Regulated Cell Death: An Innovative Preventive Approach for the Control of Mastitis
Xiaojing Xia, Pengfei Ren, Yilin Bai, Jingjing Li, Huihui Zhang, Lei Wang, Jianhe Hu, Xinwei Li, Ke Ding
Cells.2024; 13(20): 1699. CrossRef
UID-Dual Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of the Molecular Interactions between Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 27956 and Mammary Epithelial Cells
Jishang Gong, Taotao Li, Yuanfei Li, Xinwei Xiong, Jiguo Xu, Xuewen Chai, Youji Ma
Animals.2024; 14(17): 2587. CrossRef
Analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs in bovine mammary epithelial cells treated with lipoteichoic acid
Puxiu Shen, Jingcheng Yu, Chenbo Yan, Dexin Yang, Chao Tong, Xinzhuang Wang
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition.2023; 107(2): 463. CrossRef
PINK1/Parkin‐mediated mitophagy enhances the survival of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine macrophages
Xi Zhou, Kangjun Liu, Jianji Li, Luying Cui, Junsheng Dong, Jun Li, Xia Meng, Guoqiang Zhu, Heng Wang
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2023; 27(3): 412. CrossRef
Chlorogenic acid enhances PPARγ-mediated lipogenesis through preventing Lipin 1 nuclear translocation in Staphylococcus aureus-exposed bovine mammary epithelial cells
Ruiyuan Yao, Manshulin Wang, Yue Zhao, Qiang Ji, Xue Feng, Linfeng Bai, Lili Bao, Yanfeng Wang, Huifang Hao, Xihe Li, Zhigang Wang
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids.2023; 1868(11): 159396. CrossRef
Staphylococcus aureus induces mitophagy to promote its survival within bovine mammary epithelial cells
Dianwen Xu, Guiqiu Hu, Jianchun Luo, Ji Cheng, Di Wu, Lisha Cheng, Xuejie Huang, Shoupeng Fu, Juxiong Liu
Veterinary Microbiology.2023; 280: 109697. CrossRef
Subacute ruminal acidosis downregulates FOXA2, changes oxidative status, and induces autophagy in the livers of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet
Hongzhu Zhang, Yang Xue, Wan Xie, Yan Wang, Nana Ma, Guangjun Chang, Xiangzhen Shen
Journal of Dairy Science.2023; 106(3): 2007. CrossRef
Activation of PINK1-mediated mitophagy protects bovine mammary epithelial cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial and inflammatory damage in vitro
Renxu Chang, Yan Tang, Hongdou Jia, Zhihao Dong, Shuang Gao, Qian Song, Hao Dong, Qiushi Xu, Qianming Jiang, Juan J. Loor, Xudong Sun, Chuang Xu
Free Radical Biology and Medicine.2023; 194: 172. CrossRef
Incomplete autophagy promotes the proliferation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae through the JNK and Akt pathways in porcine alveolar macrophages
Yukang Wen, Zhengkun Chen, Yaqin Tian, Mei Yang, Qingshuang Dong, Yujiao Yang, Honglei Ding
Veterinary Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Katrina B. Mitchell, Helen M. Johnson, Juan Miguel Rodríguez, Anne Eglash, Charlotte Scherzinger, Kyle Widmer, Pamela Berens, Brooke Miller
Breastfeeding Medicine.2022; 17(5): 360. CrossRef
Streptococcus agalactiae-induced autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cell via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Mengzhu Qi, Hao Geng, Na Geng, Yukun Cui, Changxi Qi, Guodong Cheng, Kaimin Song, Liping Hu, Yongxia Liu, Jianzhu Liu, Bo Han
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Jin-Ki Park, Joon Mo Yeo, Kwanghyun Cho, Hyun-Jung Park, Won-Young Lee
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Selenium Alleviates Inflammation in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Mastitis via MerTK-Dependent Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Mice
Si-jie Chen, Chen-yuan Zhang, Di Yu, Chang-jie Lin, Hao-jun Xu, Chang-min Hu
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Stella Hasianna, Julia Gunadi, Enny Rohmawaty, Ronny Lesmana
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Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus inhibits autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cells through activating p38α
Run Wang, Wen Zhang, Lumei Wang, Na Geng, Xiaozhou Wang, Meihua Zhang, Jianzhu Liu, Yongxia Liu, Bo Han
Journal of Dairy Research.2021; 88(3): 293. CrossRef
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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Construction of a genetically modified T7Select phage system to express the antimicrobial peptide 1018: David J. Lemon , Matthew K. Kay , James K. Titus , April A. Ford , Wen Chen , LCDR Nicholas J. Hamlin , Yoon Y. Hwang; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):532-538. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8686-6

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Abstract

Bacteriophage therapy was an ascendant technology for combating bacterial infections before the golden age of antibiotics, but the therapeutic potential of phages was largely ignored after the discovery of penicillin. Recently, with antibioticresistant infections on the rise, these phages are receiving renewed attention to combat problematic bacterial infections. Our approach is to enhance bacteriophages with antimicrobial peptides, short peptides with broad-spectrum antibiotic or antibiofilm effects. We inserted coding sequences for 1018, an antimicrobial peptide previously shown to be an effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent, or the fluorescent marker mCherry, into the T7Select phage genome. Transcription and production of 1018 or mCherry began rapidly after E. coli cultures were infected with genetically modified phages. mCherry fluorescence, which requires a 90 min initial maturation period, was observed in infected cultures after 2 h of infection. Finally, we tested phages expressing 1018 (1018 T7) against bacterial planktonic cultures and biofilms, and found the 1018 T7 phage was more effective than the unmodified T7Select phage at both killing planktonic cells and eradicating established biofilms, validating our phage-driven antimicrobial peptide expression system. The combination of narrow-spectrum phages delivering relatively high local doses of broad-spectrum antimicrobials could be a powerful
method
to combat resistant infections. The experiments we describe prove this combination is feasible in vitro, but further testing and optimization are required before genetically modified phages are ready for use in vivo.

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Water-based extracts of Zizania latifolia inhibit Staphylococcus aureus infection through the induction of human beta-defensin 2 expression in HaCaT cells: Bo Yeon Kang , Seung-Su Lee , Myun-Ho Bang , Hyoik Jeon , Hangeun Kim , Dae Kyun Chung; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(12):910-916. Published online November 27, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8307-9

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Abstract

Zizania latifolia is a perennial herb belonging to the family Gramineae that has been used as a health food in Asian countries. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effect of Z. latifolia, which increased human beta-defensin 2 (hBD2) expression in HaCaT cells. hBD2 expression was further increased in cells treated with Z. latifolia extracts and subsequently infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Inversely, S. aureus infection decreased after treatment. The induction of hBD2 in HaCaT cells was mediated by the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway, including the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). Further study using siRNA revealed that hBD2 played an important role in the inhibition of S. aureus infection in HaCaT cells. Our data suggest that Z. latifolia extracts can be used as an antimicrobial ingredient for skin treatment formulas.

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Photodynamic antimicrobial activity of new porphyrin derivatives against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Hüseyin Ta&# , Ay&# , Nermin Topalo&# , Vildan Alptüzün; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(11):828-837. Published online October 24, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8244-7

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Abstract

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with multiple drug resistance patterns is frequently isolated from skin and soft tissue infections that are involved in chronic wounds. Today, difficulties in the treatment of MRSA associated infections have led to the development of alternative approaches such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. This study aimed to investigate photoinactivation with cationic porphyrin derivative compounds against MRSA in in-vitro conditions. In the study, MRSA clinical isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles were used. The newly synthesized cationic porphyrin derivatives (PM, PE, PPN, and PPL) were used as photosensitizer, and 655 nm diode laser was used as light source. Photoinactivation experiments were performed by optimizing energy doses and photosensitizer concentrations. In photoinactivation experiments with different energy densities and photosensitizer concentrations, more than 99% reduction was achieved in bacterial cell viability. No decrease in bacterial survival was observed in control groups. It was determined that there was an increase in photoinactivation efficiency by increasing the energy dose. At the energy dose of 150 J/cm2 a survival reduction of over 6.33 log10 was observed in each photosensitizer type. While 200 μM PM concentration was required for this photoinactivation, 12.50 μM was sufficient for PE, PPN, and PPL. In our study, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy performed with cationic porphyrin derivatives was found to have potent antimicrobial efficacy against multidrug resistant S. aureus which is frequently isolated from wound infections.

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Comparison of virulence between matt and mucoid colonies of Klebsiella pneumoniae coproducing NDM-1 and OXA-232 isolated from a single patient: Haejeong Lee , Jin Yang Baek , So Yeon Kim , HyunJi Jo , KyeongJin Kang , Jae-Hoon Ko , Sun Young Cho , Doo Ryeon Chung , Kyong Ran Peck , Jae-Hoon Song , Kwan Soo Ko; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(9):665-672. Published online August 23, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8130-3

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Abstract

Nine Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates coproducing NDM-1 and OXA-232 carbapenemases were successively isolated from a single patient. Although they were isolated simultaneously and were isogenic, they presented different colony phenotypes (matt and mucoid). All nine isolates were resistant to most antibiotics except colistin and fosfomycin. In addition, matt-type isolates were resistant to tigecycline. No differences were detected in the cps cluster sequences, except for the insertion of IS5 in the wzb gene of two matt-type isolates. In vitro virulence assays based on production of capsular polysaccharide, biofilm formation, and resistance to human serum indicated that the mucoid-type isolates were significantly more virulent than the matt-type. In addition, mucoid-type isolates showed higher survival rates than the matt-type ones in infection experiments in the fruit fly, suggesting a higher virulence of K. pneumoniae isolates with a mucoid phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report of K. pneumoniae colonies with different phenotypes being isolated from the same sample. In addition, we show that virulence varies with colony phenotype. Dissemination of K. pneumoniae isolates expressing both antibiotic resistance and high virulence would constitute a great threat.

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[PROTOCOL] Drosophila melanogaster as a polymicrobial infection model for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus: Young-Joon Lee , Hye-Jeong Jang , In-Young Chung , You-Hee Cho; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(8):534-541. Published online July 25, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8331-9

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Abstract

Non-mammalian infection models have been developed over the last two decades, which is a historic milestone to understand the molecular basis of bacterial pathogenesis. They also provide small-scale research platforms for identification of virulence factors, screening for antibacterial hits, and evaluation of antibacterial efficacy. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster is one of the model hosts for a variety of bacterial pathogens, in that the innate immunity pathways and tissue physiology are highly similar to those in mammals. We here present a relatively simple protocol to assess the key aspects of the polymicrobial interaction in vivo between the human opportunistic pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, which is based on the systemic infection by needle pricking at the dorsal thorax of the flies. After infection, fly survival and bacteremia over time for both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus within the infected flies can be monitored as a measure of polymicrobial virulence potential. The infection takes ~24 h including bacterial cultivation. Fly survival and bacteremia are assessed using the infected flies that are monitored up to ~60 h post-infection. These methods can be used to identify presumable as well as unexpected phenotypes during polymicrobial interaction between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus mutants, regarding bacterial pathogenesis and host immunity.

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Review

[Minireview] Primary lymphocyte infection models for KSHV and its putative tumorigenesis mechanisms in B cell lymphomas: Sangmin Kang , Jinjong Myoung; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(5):319-329. Published online April 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7075-2

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Abstract

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the latest addition to the human herpesvirus family. Unlike alpha- and beta-herpesvirus subfamily members, gamma-herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and KSHV, cause vari-ous tumors in humans. KSHV primarily infects endothelial and B cells in vivo, and is associated with at least three malig-nancies: Kaposi’s sarcoma and two B cell lymphomas, res-pectively. Although KSHV readily infects endothelial cells in vitro and thus its pathogenic mechanisms have been exten-sively studied, B cells had been refractory to KSHV infection. As such, functions of KSHV genes have mostly been eluci-dated in endothelial cells in the context of viral infection but not in B cells. Whether KSHV oncogenes, defined in endo-thelial cells, play the same roles in the tumorigenesis of B cells remains an open question. Only recently, through a few ground-breaking studies, B cell infection models have been established. In this review, those models will be compared and contrasted and putative mechanisms of KSHV-induced B cell transformation will be discussed.

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Journal Article

Identification of essential genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for its growth in airway mucus: Mohammed Abd Alrahman , Sang Sun Yoon; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(1):68-74. Published online December 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6515-3

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Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been identified as an important causative agent of airway infection, mainly in cystic fibrosis. This disease is characterized by defective mucociliary clearance induced in part by mucus hyper-production. Mucin is a major component of airway mucus and is heavily O-glycosylated, with a protein backbone. Airway infection is known to be established with bacterial adhesion to mucin. However, the genes involved in mucin degradation or utilization remain elusive. In this study, we sought to provide a genetic basis of P. aeruginosa airway growth by identifying those genes. First, using RNASeq analyses, we compared genome-wide expression profiles of PAO1, a prototype P. aeruginosa laboratory strain, grown in M9-mucin (M9M) and M9-glucose (M9G) media. Additionally, a PAO1 transposon (Tn) insertion mutants library was screened for mutants defective in growth in M9M medium. One mutant with a Tn insertion in the xcpU gene (PA3100) was determined to exhibit faulty growth in M9M medium. This gene contributes to the type II secretion system, suggesting that P. aeruginosa uses this secretion system to produce a number of proteins to break down and assimilate the mucin molecule. Furthermore, we screened the PAO1 genome for genes with protease activity. Of 13 mutants, one with mutation in PA3247 gene exhibited defective growth in M9M, suggesting that the PA3247-encoded protease plays a role in mucin utilization. Further mechanistic dissection of this particular process will reveal new drug targets, the inhibition of which could control recalcitrant P. aeruginosa infections.

Citations

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