Journal of Microbiology

Full articles

Pycnogenol reduces the expression of P. aeruginosa T3SS and inflammatory response in NCI-H292 cells: Seung-Ho Kim, Da Yun Seo, Sang-Bae Han, Un-Hwan Ha, Ji-Won Park, Kyung-Seop Ahn; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(10):2503004. Published online September 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2503004

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Nosocomial infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) have become increasingly common, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, who experience high mortality rates and prolonged treatment durations due to the limited availability of effective therapies. In this study, we screened for anti-ExoS compounds targeting P. aeruginosa and identified pycnogenol (PYC) as a potent inhibitor of the type III secretion system (T3SS), a major virulence mechanism responsible for the translocation of effectors such as ExoS. Using ELISA, western blotting, and real-time PCR analyses in both P. aeruginosa and infected H292 cells, we found that PYC significantly reduced T3SS activity. Mechanistically, PYC suppressed the transcription of T3SS-related genes by downregulating exsA expression in P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, pretreatment with PYC attenuated the cytotoxic effects and reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-18 (IL-18), in P. aeruginosa-infected H292 cells. These effects were associated with the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and inflammasome activation. Taken together, our findings suggest that PYC may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate against P. aeruginosa infections by targeting T3SS-mediated virulence and modulating host inflammatory responses.

Multi-omics to evaluate the protective mechanisms during Akkermansia muciniphila treatment of Candida albicans colonization and subsequent infection: Qiulin Luo, Huan Zhang, Youming Pu, Yingpu Wei, Jiangkun Yu, Xiaoshen Wang, Qin Cai, Ying Hu, Wenli Yuan; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(8):e2502007. Published online August 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2502007

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK, A. muciniphila) fortifies the intestinal barrier, inhibits the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, and protects the host’s health. Nevertheless, the existing literature offers inadequate evidence to ascertain whether A. muciniphila can effectively treat Candida albicans (C. albicans) infections in vitro, and the underlying mechanisms remain ambiguous. This study, animal models were established through gavage with clinical isolates of C. albicans to induce gastrointestinal tract colonization and subsequent translocation infection. The models were subsequently administered A. muciniphila. We examined the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metabolomics of colonic contents, and transcriptomics of colonic tissue. The intestinal barrier, inflammatory responses, and immune cell infiltration are analyzed. This study revealed that A. muciniphila markedly mitigated C. albicans translocation infection and modified the intestinal microbial community structure and metabolic attributes in model mice. After administering A. muciniphila to the translocation infection group, there was a notable increase in the prevalence of bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids, including Eubacterium_F. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the levels of specific pathogens, including Faecalibaculum, Turicibacter, and Turicimonas. The study demonstrated that A. muciniphila treatment can improve the composition of intestinal microbiota and metabolites, augment the tight junctions of colonic tissue and diminish systemic inflammatory response. This presents an innovative therapeutic approach for the potential treatment of intestinal C. albicans infection using A. muciniphila.

Review

Targeting innate immune sensors for therapeutic strategies in infectious diseases: Seyun Shin, Young Ki Choi, SangJoon Lee; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(6):e2503009. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2503009

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Abstract PDF: The innate immune system relies on innate immune sensors, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), to detect pathogens and initiate immune responses, crucial for controlling infections but also implicated in inflammatory diseases. These innate immune sensors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nod-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), and Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) trigger signaling pathways that produce cytokines, modulating inflammation and cell death. Traditional therapies focus on directly targeting pathogens; however, host-targeting therapeutic strategies have emerged as innovative approaches to modulate innate immune sensor activity. These strategies aim to fine-tune the immune response, either enhancing antiviral defenses or mitigating hyperinflammation to prevent tissue damage. This review explores innate immune sensor-based therapeutic approaches, including inhibitors, agonists, and antagonists, that enhance antiviral defense or suppress harmful inflammation, highlighting innate immune sensors as promising targets in infectious and inflammatory disease treatment.

Full article

Alizarin, which reduces ExoS, attenuates inflammation by P. aeruginosa in H292 cells: Seung-Ho Kim, Hye In Ahn, Jae-Hoon Oh, Da Yun Seo, Jung-Hee Kim, Ok-kyoung Kwon, Ji-Won Park, Kyung-Seop Ahn; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(5):e2411012. Published online May 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2411012

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Abstract PDF

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is resistant to several drugs as well as antibiotics and is thus classified as multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant. These bacteria have a secretion system called the "type 3 secretion system (T3SS)", which facilitates infection by delivering an effector protein. ExoenzymeS (ExoS) is known to induce cell death and activate caspase-1. In particular, patients infected with P. aeruginosa develop diseases associated with high mortality, such as pneumonia, because no drug targets an ExoS or T3SS. We selected natural compounds to treat T3SS-mediated pneumonia and chose alizarin, a red dye. We confirmed the effects of alizarin on T3SS by bacterial PCR and ELISA. It was confirmed that alizarin regulates ExoS by inhibiting exsA but also popD and pscF. Furthermore, in infected H292 cells, it not only attenuates inflammation by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65 but also interferes with the level of ExoS delivered into the host and modulates caspase-1. We confirmed this result and determined that it led to decreases in proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-18 (IL-18). Therefore, we suggest that alizarin is a suitable drug for treating pneumonia caused by P. aeruginosa because it helps to attenuate inflammation by regulating T3SS and NF-κB signaling.

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Beyond pathogenicity: applications of the type III secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Tianqi Su, Lin Zhang, Jie Shen, Danyu Qian, Yulei Guo, Zhenpeng Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Journal Article

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Facilitates Susceptibility to Bloodstream Infection: Xiaomin Lin, Chun Lin, Xin Li, Fen Yao, Xiaoling Guo, Meimei Wang, Mi Zeng, Yumeng Yuan, Qingdong Xie, Xudong Huang, Xiaoyang Jiao; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1113-1124. Published online December 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00190-5

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Abstract PDF

To study the role of intestinal flora in the development of bloodstream infections (BSIs). 42 patients and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were screened into the study and their intestinal flora was measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The bacterial diversity was significantly lower in the BSI group compared with that in the HCs (P < 0.001), and beta diversity was significantly differentiated between the two groups (PERMANOVA, P = 0.001). The four keystone species [Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Enterococcus (LDA > 4)] differed significantly between the two groups. Dysbiosis of fecal microbial ecology is a common condition present in patients with BSI. The proliferation of certain pathogens or reduction of SCFA-producing bacteria would cause susceptibility to BSI.

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Targeting gut microbiotasu-derived butyrate for Ferroptosis inhibition in Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction
Jianfei Xiong, Guoxiang Liu, Tianyuan Jia, Qian Yang, Changqing Zhu, Shiwei Wang
Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Indications, Methods, and Challenges.: Jee Young Lee, Yehwon Kim, Jiyoun Kim, Jiyeun Kate Kim; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1057-1074. Published online November 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00184-3

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Abstract PDF

Over the past two decades, as the importance of gut microbiota to human health has become widely known, attempts have been made to treat diseases by correcting dysbiosis of gut microbiota through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Apart from current knowledge of gut microbiota, FMT to treat disease has a long history, from the treatment of food poisoning in the fourth century to the treatment of Clostridioides difficile infections in the twentieth century. In 2013, FMT was recognized as a standard treatment for recurrent C. difficile because it consistently showed high efficacy. Though recurrent C. difficile is the only disease internationally recognized for FMT efficacy, FMT has been tested for other diseases and shown some promising preliminary results. Different FMT methods have been developed using various formulations and administration routes. Despite advances in FMT, some issues remain to be resolved, such as donor screening, manufacturing protocols, and unknown components in the fecal microbiota. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms, clinical indications, methods, and challenges of current FMT. We also discuss the development of alternative therapies to overcome the challenges of FMT.

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Transplantation of Fecal Flora from Patients with Atherosclerosis to Mice Can Increase Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Affect Intestinal Flora and Its Metabolites
Liang Feng, Jianting Feng, Li He, Fu Chen, Xin Feng, Suwen Wang
Applied Microbiology.2025; 5(1): 29. CrossRef
Management of refractory checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis
Anas Zaher, Maria Julia Moura Nascimento Santos, Hassan Elsaygh, Stephen J. Peterson, Carolina Colli Cruz, Anusha Shirwaikar Thomas, Yinghong Wang
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) in Clostridium difficile Infection: A Paradigm Shift in Gastrointestinal Microbiome Modulation
Muhammad Hamza Saeed, Sundas Qamar, Ayesha Ishtiaq, Qudsia Umaira khan, Asma Atta, Maryam Atta, Hifza Ishtiaq, Marriam Khan, Muhammad Rawal Saeed, Ayesha Iqbal
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring the gut microbiome’s influence on cancer-associated anemia: Mechanisms, clinical challenges, and innovative therapies
Ayrton Bangolo, Behzad Amoozgar, Maryam Habibi, Elizabeth Simms, Vignesh K Nagesh, Shruti Wadhwani, Nikita Wadhwani, Auda Auda, Daniel Elias, Charlene Mansour, Robert Abbott, Nisrene Jebara, Lili Zhang, Sarvarinder Gill, Kareem Ahmed, Andrew Ip, Andre Goy
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbiome Therapeutics for Clostridioides difficile Infection
Christine W. Lucky, Brendan J. Kelly, Jennie H. Kwon, Michael H. Woodworth, Rachel L. Medernach
Infectious Disease Clinics of North America.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Laboratory preparation methods for human-derived fecal microbial suspensions for fecal microbiota transplantation: a review and standardization perspectives
Jinhua Gong, Yuchi Liu, Liuye Huang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Improving fecal transplantation precision for enhanced maturation of intestinal function in germ-free mice through microencapsulation and probiotic intervention
Furong Ba, Wei Wang, Yilun Huang, Shuobo Zhang, Bo Qiu, Siyuan Xie, Lvwan Xu, Wang Gao, Xiaoqin Zhang, Zhenyu Wen, Qifan Wang, Hainv Gao, Guoping Sheng, Björn Berglund, Ping Li, Lanjuan Li, Mingfei Yao
Microbiome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Fecal microbiota transplantation as salvage therapy for disseminated strongyloidiasis in an immunosuppressed patient: a case report
Wei Fu, Na Peng, Yan Geng
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Journal Articles

Infection Dynamics of Dengue Virus in Caco-2 Cells Depending on Its Differentiation Status: Jayoung Nam, Jisu Lee, Geon A Kim, Seung-Min Yoo, Changhoon Park, Myung-Shin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(9):799-809. Published online August 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00161-w

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Abstract PDF

Dengue virus (DENV), from the Flaviviridae family, is the causative agent of dengue fever and poses a significant global health challenge. The virus primarily affects the vascular system and liver; however, a growing body of evidence suggests its involvement in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, contributing to clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. However, the mechanisms underlying DENV infection in the digestive system remain largely unexplored. Prior research has detected viral RNA in the GI tissue of infected animals; however, whether the dengue virus can directly infect human enterocytes remains unclear. In this study, we examine the infectivity of human intestinal cell lines to the dengue virus and their subsequent response. We report that the Caco-2 cell line, a model of human enterocytes, is susceptible to infection and capable of producing viruses. Notably, differentiated Caco-2 cells exhibited a lower infection rate yet a higher level of virus production than their undifferentiated counterparts. These findings suggest that human intestinal cells are a viable target for the dengue virus, potentially elucidating the GI symptoms observed in dengue fever and offering a new perspective on the pathogenetic mechanisms of the virus.

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Efficient and modular reverse genetics system for rapid generation of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(7): e2504015. CrossRef
Domain-Specific Impacts of Spike Protein Mutations on Infectivity and Antibody Escape in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1
Tae-Hun Kim, Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Yeast polyubiquitin unit regulates synaptonemal complex formation and recombination during meiosis: Min-Kyung Jo , Kiwon Rhee , Keun Pil Kim , Soogil Hong; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):705-714. Published online July 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2204-y

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Abstract PDF

Ubiquitin is highly conserved in most eukaryotes and involved in diverse physiological processes, including cell division, protein quality control, and protein degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system after heat shock, glucose-starvation, and oxidative stress. However, the role of the ubiquitin gene UBI4, which contains five consecutive head-to-tail ubiquitin repeats, in meiosis has not been investigated. In this study, we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae polyubiquitin precursor gene, UBI4, is required to promote synaptonemal complex (SC) formation and suppress excess doublestrand break formation. Moreover, the proportion of Zip1 polycomplexes, which indicate abnormal SC formation, in cells with a mutation in UBI4 (i.e., ubi4Δ cells) is higher than that of wild-type cells, implying that the UBI4 plays an important role in the early meiotic prophase I. Interestingly, although ubi4Δ cells rarely form full-length SCs in the pachytene stage of prophase I, the Zip3 foci are still seen, as in wild-type cells. Moreover, ubi4Δ cells proficiently form crossover and noncrossover products with a slight delay compared to wild-type cells, suggesting that UBI4 is dispensable in SCcoupled recombination. Our findings demonstrate that UBI4 exhibits dual functions that are associated with both positive and negative roles in SC formation and recombination during meiosis.

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The deubiquitinase Usp7 in Drosophila melanogaster is required for synaptonemal complex maintenance
Cathleen M. Lake, Jennifer Gardner, Salam Briggs, Zulin Yu, Grace McKown, R. Scott Hawley
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Activity of Lactobacillus crispatus isolated from vaginal microbiota against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Youngkyoung Lee , Hoonhee Seo , Sukyung Kim Abdur Rahim , Youjin Yoon , Jehee Jung , Saebim Lee , Chang Beom Ryu , Ho-Yeon Song; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(11):1019-1030. Published online November 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1332-0

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Abstract PDF

Tuberculosis, an infectious disease, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains a significant public health issue around the globe, causing about 1.8 million deaths every year. Drug-resistant M. tuberculosis, including multi-drug-resistant (MDR), extremely-drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drugresistant (TDR) M. tuberculosis, continues to be a threat to public health. In the case of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis, the treatment effect of conventional antibiotics is low. Side effects caused by high doses over a long period are causing severe problems. To overcome these problems, there is an urgent need to develop a new anti-tuberculosis drug that is different from the existing compound-based antibiotics. Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms conferring health benefits. They can be potential therapeutic agents in this context as the effectiveness of probiotics against different infectious diseases has been well established. Here, we report that Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 shows a promising effect on tuberculosis isolated from vaginal fluids of healthy Korean women. Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 reduced M. tuberculosis H37Rv under co-culture conditions in broth and reduced M. tuberculosis H37Rv and XDR M. tuberculosis in macrophages. Lactobacillus crispatus PMC201 was not toxic to a guinea pig model and did not induce dysbiosis in a human intestinal microbial ecosystem simulator. Taken together, these
results
indicate that L. crispatus PMC201 can be a promising alternative drug candidate in the current tuberculosis drug regime. Further study is warranted to assess the in vivo efficacy and confirm the mode of action of L. crispatus PMC201.

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Insights into Autophagy in Microbiome Therapeutic Approaches for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Md Abdur Rahim, Hoonhee Seo, Indrajeet Barman, Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Ho-Yeon Song
Cells.2025; 14(7): 540. CrossRef
The potential role of probiotics and their bioactive compounds in the management of pulmonary tuberculosis
Hamed Memariani, Mojtaba Memariani, Seyed Ebrahim Eskandari, Abdolmajid Ghasemian, Ali Nour Neamatollahi
Journal of Infection and Public Health.2025; : 102840. CrossRef
Exploring the potential of Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 in inducing autophagy to reduce the burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Md Abdur Rahim, Hoonhee Seo, Sukyung Kim, Indrajeet Barman, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Saebim Lee, Ho-Yeon Song
Medical Microbiology and Immunology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of lyophilized Lactobacillus sakei as a potential candidate for preventing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella infection
Hanieh Tajdozian, Hoonhee Seo, Yoonkyoung Jeong, Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Chae-eun Park, Faezeh Sarafraz, Md Abdur Rahim, Youngkyoung Lee, Sukyung Kim, Saebim Lee, Jung-Hyun Ju, Chul-Ho Kim, Ho-Yeon Song
Annals of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Probiotic Strains with Anti-Tuberculosis Activity and Their Characterization as Potential Therapeutic Agents
Mohammed Solayman Hossain, Hoonhee Seo, Md Abdur Rahim, Md Sarower Hossen Shuvo, Indrajeet Barman, Hokyoung Kim, Jinhyeon An, Sukyung Kim, Ho-Yeon Song
Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2024; 54(4): 325. CrossRef
The gut and lung microbiota in pulmonary tuberculosis: susceptibility, function, and new insights into treatment
Qiqi Zhuo, Xianyi Zhang, Kehong Zhang, Chan Chen, Zhen Huang, Yuzhong Xu
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2023; 21(12): 1355. CrossRef
Host microbiome in tuberculosis: disease, treatment, and immunity perspectives
Archana Pant, Bhabatosh Das, Gopalakrishnan Aneeshkumar Arimbasseri
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Antibiotic Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Potential Use of Natural and Biological Products as Alternative Anti-Mycobacterial Agents
Roberto Arrigoni, Andrea Ballini, Skender Topi, Lucrezia Bottalico, Emilio Jirillo, Luigi Santacroce
Antibiotics.2022; 11(10): 1431. CrossRef
In Vivo Efficacy of Bacillus velezensis Isolated from Korean Gochang Bokbunja Vinegar against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections
Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Hoonhee Seo, Hanieh Tajdozian, Youngkyoung Lee, MD Abdur Rahim, Sukyung Kim, Il-Yun Jung, Saebim Lee, Ho-Yeon Song
Polish Journal of Microbiology.2022; 71(4): 553. CrossRef

Crystal structure of human LC8 bound to a peptide from Ebola virus VP35: Dahwan Lim , Ho-Chul Shin , Joon Sig Choi , Seung Jun Kim , Bonsu Ku; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(4):410-416. Published online February 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0641-7

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Abstract PDF

Zaire ebolavirus, commonly called Ebola virus (EBOV), is an RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality. Viral protein 35 (VP35) is a virulence factor encoded in the EBOV genome. VP35 inhibits host innate immune responses and functions as a critical cofactor for viral RNA replication. EBOV VP35 contains a short conserved motif that interacts with dynein light chain 8 (LC8), which serves as a regulatory hub protein by associating with various LC8-binding proteins. Herein, we present the crystal structure of human LC8 bound to the peptide comprising residues 67−76 of EBOV VP35. Two VP35 peptides were found to interact with homodimeric LC8 by extending the central β- sheets, constituting a 2:2 complex. Structural analysis demonstrated that the intermolecular binding between LC8 and VP35 is mainly sustained by a network of hydrogen bonds and supported by hydrophobic interactions in which Thr73 and Thr75 of VP35 are involved. These findings were verified by binding measurements using isothermal titration calorimetry. Biochemical analyses also verified that residues 67−76 of EBOV VP35 constitute a core region for interaction with LC8. In addition, corresponding motifs from other members of the genus Ebolavirus commonly bound to LC8 but with different binding affinities. Particularly, VP35 peptides originating from pathogenic species interacted with LC8 with higher affinity than those from noninfectious species, suggesting that the binding of VP35 to LC8 is associated with the pathogenicity of the Ebolavirus species.

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Crystal Structures of Plk1 Polo-Box Domain Bound to the Human Papillomavirus Minor Capsid Protein L2-Derived Peptide
Sujin Jung, Hye Seon Lee, Ho-Chul Shin, Joon Sig Choi, Seung Jun Kim, Bonsu Ku
Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(8): 755. CrossRef
Borna Disease Virus 1 Phosphoprotein Forms a Tetramer and Interacts with Host Factors Involved in DNA Double-Strand Break Repair and mRNA Processing
Nicolas Tarbouriech, Florian Chenavier, Junna Kawasaki, Kamel Bachiri, Jean-Marie Bourhis, Pierre Legrand, Lily L. Freslon, Estelle M. N. Laurent, Elsa Suberbielle, Rob W. H. Ruigrok, Keizo Tomonaga, Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia, Masayuki Horie, Etienne Coyaud,
Viruses.2022; 14(11): 2358. CrossRef
Structural and biochemical analysis of the PTPN4 PDZ domain bound to the C-terminal tail of the human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein
Hye Seon Lee, Hye-Yeoung Yun, Eun-Woo Lee, Ho-Chul Shin, Seung Jun Kim, Bonsu Ku
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(4): 395. CrossRef

Review

[MINIREVIEW]Phosphate sugar isomerases and their potential for rare sugar bioconversion: Soo-Jung Kim , Yeong-Su Kim , Soo-Jin Yeom; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(9):725-733. Published online June 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0226-x

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Abstract PDF

Phosphate sugar isomerases, catalyzing the isomerization between ketopentose/ketohexose phosphate and aldopentose/ aldohexose phosphate, play an important role in microbial sugar metabolism. They are present in a wide range of microorganisms. They have attracted increasing research interest because of their broad substrate specificity and great potential in the enzymatic production of various rare sugars. Here, the enzymatic properties of various phosphate sugar isomerases are reviewed in terms of their substrate specificities and their applications in the production of valuable rare sugars because of their functions such as low-calorie sweeteners, bulking agents, and pharmaceutical precursor. Specifically, we focused on the industrial applications of D-ribose-5-phosphate isomerase and D-mannose-6-phosphate isomerase to produce D-allose and L-ribose, respectively.

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Transforming monosaccharides: Recent advances in rare sugar production and future exploration
Shin-ichi Nakakita, Jun Hirabayashi
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Production of Value-Added Arabinofuranosyl Nucleotide Analogues from Nucleoside by an In Vitro Enzymatic Synthetic Biosystem
Yuxue Liu, Xiaojing Zhang, Erchu Yang, Xiaobei Liu, Weiwei Su, Zhenyu Wang, Hailei Wang
Biomolecules.2024; 14(11): 1440. CrossRef
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Bailin Cong, Hui Zhang, Shuang Li, Shenghao Liu, Jing Lin, Aifang Deng, Wenqi Liu, Yan Yang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(18): 13943. CrossRef
A putative glucose 6-phosphate isomerase has pleiotropic functions on virulence and other mechanisms in Acidovorax citrulli
Lynn Heo, Yoobin Han, Yongmin Cho, Junhyeok Choi, Jeongwook Lee, Sang-Wook Han
Frontiers in Plant Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing the genomic composition, putative ecological relevance and biotechnological potential of plasmids from sponge bacterial symbionts
Vanessa Oliveira, Ana R.M. Polónia, Daniel F.R. Cleary, Yusheng M. Huang, Nicole J. de Voogd, Tina Keller-Costa, Rodrigo Costa, Newton C.M. Gomes
Microbiological Research.2022; 265: 127183. CrossRef
Enhanced isomerization of rare sugars by ribose-5-phosphate isomerase A from Ochrobactrum sp. CSL1
Rong Wang, Xinqi Xu, Xuemei Yao, Hengtao Tang, Xin Ju, Liangzhi Li
Enzyme and Microbial Technology.2021; 148: 109789. CrossRef
Simultaneous Production of D-Tagatose, D-Arabitol and Galactitol from Cheese Whey Powder Using Combined Biotransformation and Fermentation Strategies
Guoyan Zhang, Hossain M. Zabed, Yingfeng An, Junhua Yun, Jiaqi Huang, Yufei Zhang, Xiaolan Li, Jiangfei Wang, Xianghui Qi
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Hengtao Tang, Xin Ju, Jing Zhao, Liangzhi Li
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 105(2): 509. CrossRef
Construction of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing xylitol-4-dehydrogenase and optimization for enhanced L-xylulose biotransformation from xylitol
Mesfin Angaw Tesfay, Xin Wen, Yujie Liu, Huibin Lin, Linxu Chen, Jianqiang Lin, Jianqun Lin
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Journal Articles

Autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cell induced by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus: Na Geng , Kangping Liu , Jianwei Lu , Yuliang Xu , Xiaozhou Wang , Run Wang , Jianzhu Liu , Yongxia Liu , Bo Han; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):320-329. Published online February 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9182-8

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Abstract PDF

Bovine mastitis is a common disease in the dairy industry that causes great economic losses. As the primary pathogen of contagious mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can invade bovine mammary epithelial cells, thus evading immune defenses and resulting in persistent infection. Recently, autophagy has been considered an important mechanism for host cells to clear intracellular pathogens. In the current study, autophagy caused by S. aureus was detected, and the correlation between autophagy and intracellular S. aureus survival was assessed. First, a model of intracellular S. aureus infection was established. Then, the autophagy of MAC-T cells was evaluated by confocal microscopy and western blot. Moreover, the activation of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways was determined by western blot. Finally, the relationship between intracellular bacteria and autophagy was analyzed by using autophagy regulators (3-methyladenine [3-MA], rapamycin [Rapa] and chloroquine [CQ]). The
results
showed that S. aureus caused obvious induction of autophagosome formation, transformation of LC3I/II, and degradation of p62/SQSTM1 in MAC-T cells; furthermore, the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways were activated. The number of intracellular S. aureus increased significantly with autophagy activation by rapamycin, whereas the number decreased when the autophagy flux was inhibited by chloroquine. Therefore, this study indicated that intracellular S. aureus can induce autophagy and utilize it to survive in bovine mammary epithelial cells.

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Staphylococcus aureus regulates Th17 cells and autophagy via STING in chronic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Weigang Gan, Xingchen Liu, Feng Liu, Junying Hu
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2025; 282(2): 881. CrossRef
International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology: The immunometabolism of transition dairy cows from dry-off to early lactation—Lights and shadows
Erminio Trevisi, Luca Cattaneo, Fiorenzo Piccioli-Cappelli, Matteo Mezzetti, Andrea Minuti
Journal of Dairy Science.2025; 108(7): 7662. CrossRef
Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking: Exploring the Mechanism of Peppermint in Mastitis Prevention and Treatment in Dairy Cows
Xinyu Wang, Jiaxin Lai, Fei Xu, Mingchun Liu
Veterinary Sciences.2025; 12(2): 129. CrossRef
Autophagy and Bacterial infections
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Construction of a genetically modified T7Select phage system to express the antimicrobial peptide 1018: David J. Lemon , Matthew K. Kay , James K. Titus , April A. Ford , Wen Chen , LCDR Nicholas J. Hamlin , Yoon Y. Hwang; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):532-538. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8686-6

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Abstract PDF

Bacteriophage therapy was an ascendant technology for combating bacterial infections before the golden age of antibiotics, but the therapeutic potential of phages was largely ignored after the discovery of penicillin. Recently, with antibioticresistant infections on the rise, these phages are receiving renewed attention to combat problematic bacterial infections. Our approach is to enhance bacteriophages with antimicrobial peptides, short peptides with broad-spectrum antibiotic or antibiofilm effects. We inserted coding sequences for 1018, an antimicrobial peptide previously shown to be an effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent, or the fluorescent marker mCherry, into the T7Select phage genome. Transcription and production of 1018 or mCherry began rapidly after E. coli cultures were infected with genetically modified phages. mCherry fluorescence, which requires a 90 min initial maturation period, was observed in infected cultures after 2 h of infection. Finally, we tested phages expressing 1018 (1018 T7) against bacterial planktonic cultures and biofilms, and found the 1018 T7 phage was more effective than the unmodified T7Select phage at both killing planktonic cells and eradicating established biofilms, validating our phage-driven antimicrobial peptide expression system. The combination of narrow-spectrum phages delivering relatively high local doses of broad-spectrum antimicrobials could be a powerful
method
to combat resistant infections. The experiments we describe prove this combination is feasible in vitro, but further testing and optimization are required before genetically modified phages are ready for use in vivo.

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Water-based extracts of Zizania latifolia inhibit Staphylococcus aureus infection through the induction of human beta-defensin 2 expression in HaCaT cells: Bo Yeon Kang , Seung-Su Lee , Myun-Ho Bang , Hyoik Jeon , Hangeun Kim , Dae Kyun Chung; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(12):910-916. Published online November 27, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8307-9

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Abstract PDF

Zizania latifolia is a perennial herb belonging to the family Gramineae that has been used as a health food in Asian countries. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial effect of Z. latifolia, which increased human beta-defensin 2 (hBD2) expression in HaCaT cells. hBD2 expression was further increased in cells treated with Z. latifolia extracts and subsequently infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Inversely, S. aureus infection decreased after treatment. The induction of hBD2 in HaCaT cells was mediated by the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway, including the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). Further study using siRNA revealed that hBD2 played an important role in the inhibition of S. aureus infection in HaCaT cells. Our data suggest that Z. latifolia extracts can be used as an antimicrobial ingredient for skin treatment formulas.

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Photodynamic antimicrobial activity of new porphyrin derivatives against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Hüseyin Ta&# , Ay&# , Nermin Topalo&# , Vildan Alptüzün; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(11):828-837. Published online October 24, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8244-7

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Abstract PDF

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with multiple drug resistance patterns is frequently isolated from skin and soft tissue infections that are involved in chronic wounds. Today, difficulties in the treatment of MRSA associated infections have led to the development of alternative approaches such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. This study aimed to investigate photoinactivation with cationic porphyrin derivative compounds against MRSA in in-vitro conditions. In the study, MRSA clinical isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles were used. The newly synthesized cationic porphyrin derivatives (PM, PE, PPN, and PPL) were used as photosensitizer, and 655 nm diode laser was used as light source. Photoinactivation experiments were performed by optimizing energy doses and photosensitizer concentrations. In photoinactivation experiments with different energy densities and photosensitizer concentrations, more than 99% reduction was achieved in bacterial cell viability. No decrease in bacterial survival was observed in control groups. It was determined that there was an increase in photoinactivation efficiency by increasing the energy dose. At the energy dose of 150 J/cm2 a survival reduction of over 6.33 log10 was observed in each photosensitizer type. While 200 μM PM concentration was required for this photoinactivation, 12.50 μM was sufficient for PE, PPN, and PPL. In our study, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy performed with cationic porphyrin derivatives was found to have potent antimicrobial efficacy against multidrug resistant S. aureus which is frequently isolated from wound infections.

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