Journal of Microbiology

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Role of the LAMMER kinase LkhA in fungal development and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus: Seong-Hwan Jeong, He-Jin Cho, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Hee-Moon Park, Hee-Soo Park; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(5):e2503007. Published online May 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2503007

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Abstract PDF: A well-conserved LAMMER kinase in yeast and filamentous fungi, is a dual-specificity kinase with multiple roles in fungal biology. In this study, we assessed the roles of LkhA in Aspergillus flavus, a toxigenic fungus that produces aflatoxin B1. lkhA deletion mutants exhibited defects in fungal growth, conidiophore development, and sclerotia formation. These mutants exhibited impaired tolerance to oxidative and cell wall stresses. Moreover, the absence of lkhA resulted in a decrease in aflatoxin B1 production. The kernel assay revealed that the lkhA deletion mutants exhibited reduced production of conidia and aflatoxin B1, implying that LkhA can affect fungal toxigenesis and pathogenicity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LkhA is important for differentiation, mycotoxin production, and pathogenicity in A. flavus.

Review

Role of Rab GTPases in Bacteria Escaping from Vesicle Trafficking of Host Cells: Huiling Xu, Shengnan Wang, Xiaozhou Wang, Pu Zhang, Qi Zheng, ChangXi Qi, Xiaoting Liu, Muzi Li, Yongxia Liu, Jianzhu Liu; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(8):581-590. Published online August 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00162-9

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Most bacteria will use their toxins to interact with the host cell, causing damage to the cell and then escaping from it. When bacteria enter the cell, they will be transported via the endosomal pathway. Rab GTPases are involved in bacterial transport as major components of endosomes that bind to their downstream effector proteins. The bacteria manipulate some Rab GTPases, escape the cell, and get to survive. In this review, we will focus on summarizing the many processes of how bacteria manipulate Rab GTPases to control their escape.

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Rab5-mediated phagocytosis restricts Spiroplasma eriocheiris infection in crabs through a ubiquitination-dependent mechanism
Yubo Ma, Yu Yao, Xin Yin, Zhenyu Yu, Jing Yan, Yaqin Wang, Wei Gu, Xuguang Li, Jun Zhou, Qingguo Meng
Aquaculture.2025; 607: 742635. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Effects of Phosphorus‑dissolving Dark Septate Endophytes on the Growth of Blueberry: Qixin Luo , Rui Hou , Xiaojing Shang , Si Li; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(9):837-851. Published online October 5, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00080-2

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Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are widely distributed and improve plant growth. DSEs secrete large amounts of enzymes to mineralize insoluble phosphorus in soil and convert it into soluble phosphorus, promoting plant uptake of phosphorus. However, the effects of DSEs with phosphate-solubilizing ability on host plants need further study. In this study, phosphorusdissolving DSEs were screened for growth-promoting effects. We isolated, identified and characterized three DSE species (Thozetella neonivea, Pezicula ericae and Hyaloscyphaceae sp.) showing phosphate-solubilizing ability. The impact of single, dual or triple inoculation of DSEs on blueberry plant characteristics was studied. Their effects on colonization intensity, seedling biomass, nutrients in plants and soil, and activities of plant resistance enzymes and soil enzymes were markedly upregulated relative to the control (P < 0.05). The available phosphorus and acid phosphatase levels in different combinations were significantly increased. These findings indicate that the application of the three DSEs may be valuable in facilitating the cultivation of blueberry with a higher biomass and improved plant quality.

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Needle in a Haystack: Culturing Plant‐Beneficial Helotiales Lineages From Plant Roots
Pauline Bruyant, Jeanne Doré, Laurent Vallon, Yvan Moënne‐Loccoz, Juliana Almario
Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Acidomelania saccharicola sp. nov., a new species of dark septate endophytes in Helotiales, with potential of controlling Fusarium wilt of banana
Qian Nong, Yan Zhang, Yanyan Long, Yanlu Chen, Liping Qin, Shanyu Lin, Fenghua Zeng, Ling Xie
Biological Control.2025; 206: 105781. CrossRef
The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Genome of the Dark Septate Endophyte Exophiala tremulae and Its Symbiosis Effect on Alpine Meadow Plant Growth
Chu Wu, Junjie Fan, Die Hu, Honggang Sun, Guangxin Lu, Yun Wang, Yujie Yang
Journal of Fungi.2025; 11(4): 246. CrossRef
Growth-Promoting Effects of Dark Septate Endophytes Fungus Acrocalymma on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Xiaoxiao Feng, Ying Jin, Zhupeiqi Zhong, Yongli Zheng, Huiming Wu
Journal of Fungi.2025; 11(7): 510. CrossRef
Inoculation dose and strain identity shape dark septate endophyte effects on plant-soil nutrient stoichiometry in ecological restoration
Shiwei Guo, Mingyi Li, Roujia Kang, Wennian Xu, Haoji Jia, Dong Xia, Daxiang Liu
Applied Soil Ecology.2025; 216: 106523. CrossRef
Dark septate endophytes promote the growth of Cynodon dactylon under drought stress and enhance its potential for use in the ecological restoration of slopes
Haoji Jia, Qiming Geng, Mingyi Li, Ran Wang, Fuhao Wang, Yuxin Deng, Wennian Xu, Daxiang Liu
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Diversity and Functional Roles of Root-Associated Endophytic Fungi in Two Dominant Pioneer Trees Reclaimed from a Metal Mine Slag Heap in Southwest China
Bo Bi, Yuqing Xiao, Xiaonan Xu, Qianqian Chen, Haiyan Li, Zhiwei Zhao, Tao Li
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Short-term organic fertilizer substitution increases sorghum yield by improving soil physicochemical characteristics and regulating microbial community structure
Mengen Nie, Guangqian Yue, Lei Wang, Yizhong Zhang
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Rasiella rasia gen. nov. sp. nov. within the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater recirculating aquaculture system: Seong-Jin Kim , Young-Sam Kim , Sang-Eon Kim , Hyun-Kyoung Jung , Jeeeun Park , Min-Ju Yu , Kyoung-Ho Kim; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(11):1070-1076. Published online October 17, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2099-7

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Abstract PDF

A novel bacterium designated RR4-40T was isolated from a biofilter of seawater recirculating aquaculture system in Busan, South Korea. Cells are strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, irregular short rod, non-motile, and oxidase- and catalase-negative. Growth was observed at 15–30°C, 0.5–6% NaCl (w/v), and pH 5.0–9.5. The strain grew optimally at 28°C, 3% salinity (w/v), and pH 8.5. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RR4-40T was most closely related to Marinirhabdus gelatinilytica NH83T (94.16% of 16S rRNA gene similarity) and formed a cluster with genera within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The values of the average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), and average amino acid identity (AAI) between genomes of strain RR4-40T and M. gelatinilytica NH83T were 72.91, 18.2, and 76.84%, respectively, and the values against the strains in the other genera were lower than those. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (31.34%), iso-C17:0 3-OH (13.65%), iso-C16:0 3-OH (10.61%), and iso-C15:1 G (10.38%). The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, aminolipid, glycolipid, and sphingolipid. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and the DNA G + C content of strain RR4-40T was 37.4 mol%. According to the polyphasic analysis, strain RR4-40T is considered to represent a novel genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Rasiella rasia gen. nov, sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RR4-40T (= KCTC 52650T = MCCC 1K04210T).

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Rhodobacteraceae are Prevalent and Ecologically Crucial Bacterial Members in Marine Biofloc Aquaculture
Meora Rajeev, Jang-Cheon Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(11): 985. CrossRef
Validation List no. 215. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Functional characterization of HigBA toxin-antitoxin system in an Arctic bacterium, Bosea sp. PAMC 26642: Eunsil Choi , Ahhyun Huh , Changmin Oh , Jeong-Il Oh , Ho Young Kang , Jihwan Hwang; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):192-206. Published online February 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1619-9

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Abstract PDF

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are growth-controlling genetic elements consisting of an intracellular toxin protein and its cognate antitoxin. TA systems have been spread among microbial genomes through horizontal gene transfer and are now prevalent in most bacterial and archaeal genomes. Under normal growth conditions, antitoxins tightly counteract the activity of the toxins. Upon stresses, antitoxins are inactivated, releasing activated toxins, which induce growth arrest or cell death. In this study, among nine functional TA modules in Bosea sp. PAMC 26642 living in Arctic lichen, we investigated the functionality of BoHigBA2. BohigBA2 is located close to a genomic island and adjacent to flagellar gene clusters. The expression of BohigB2 induced the inhibition of E. coli growth at 37°C, which was more manifest at 18°C, and this growth defect was reversed when BohigA2 was co-expressed, suggesting that this BoHigBA2 module might be an active TA module in Bosea sp. PAMC 26642. Live/dead staining and viable count analyses revealed that the BoHigB2 toxin had a bactericidal effect, causing cell death. Furthermore, we demonstrated that BoHigB2 possessed mRNA-specific ribonuclease activity on various mRNAs and cleaved only mRNAs being translated, which might impede overall translation and consequently lead to cell death. Our study provides the insight to understand the cold adaptation of Bosea sp. PAMC 26642 living in the Arctic.

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Evaluating the Contribution of the Predicted Toxin–Antitoxin System HigBA to Persistence, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in Burkholderia pseudomallei
Itziar Chapartegui-González, Nittaya Khakhum, Jacob L. Stockton, Alfredo G. Torres, Igor E. Brodsky
Infection and Immunity.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Chronicle of Research into Lichen-Associated Bacteria
Zichen He, Takeshi Naganuma
Microorganisms.2022; 10(11): 2111. CrossRef
Degradation of amoxicillin by newly isolated Bosea sp. Ads-6
Lei Yan, Ning Yan, Xi-Yan Gao, Ying Liu, Zhi-Pei Liu
Science of The Total Environment.2022; 828: 154411. CrossRef

Whole genome and RNA sequencing of oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus anginosus subsp. anginosus with vancomycin tolerance: Kyu Hwan Kwack , Jae-Hyung Lee , Ji-Hoi Moon; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):167-176. Published online January 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1425-4

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Abstract PDF

“Antibiotic tolerance” promotes the rapid subsequent evolution of “antibiotic resistance,” however, it is often overlooked because it is difficult to distinguish between tolerant and susceptible organisms. A commensal bacterium S. anginosus subsp. anginosus strain KHUD_S1, isolated from dental biofilm was found to exhibit a high MBC/MIC ratio of 32 against vancomycin. We observed KHUD_S1 cells exposed to vancomycin did not grow but maintained viability. Transmission electron microscope showed KHUD_S1 cells possessed a dense, thick capsule and maintained the cell wall integrity upon vancomycin exposure. To infer the underlying mechanisms of the vancomycin tolerance in KHUD_S1, we performed whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing. The KHUD_S1 genome carried three genes encoding branching enzymes that can affect peptidoglycan structure through interpeptide bridge formation. Global gene expression profiling revealed that the vancomycin-induced downregulation of carbohydrate and inorganic ion transport/metabolism as well as translation is less prominent in KHUD_S1 than in the vancomycin susceptible strain KHUD_S3. Based on the transcriptional levels of genes related to peptidoglycan synthesis, KHUD_S1 was determined to have a 3D peptidoglycan architecture distinct from KHUD_S3. It was found that, under vancomycin exposure, the peptidoglycan was remodeled through changes in the interpeptide bridge and transpeptidation reactions. Collectively, these features of S. anginosus KHUD_S1, including a dense capsule and differential gene expression in peptidoglycan synthesis, may contribute to vancomycin tolerance. Our results showing the occurrence of vancomycin tolerance amongst oral commensal bacteria highlight the need for considering future strategies for screening of antibiotic tolerance as an effort to reduce antibiotic resistance.

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Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314 includes a gene for serotonin biosynthesis via the tryptophan metabolic pathway: Jiseon Jeong , Yunjeong Lee , Seokmin Yoon , Jong-Hwa Kim , Wonyong Kim; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(12):1092-1103. Published online December 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1472-2

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As the functions of probiotics within the same species may not be shared, it is important to analyze the genetic characteristics of strains to determine their safety and usefulness before industrial applications. Hence the present study was undertaken to determine functional genes, and beneficial activities of strain LRCC5314, a bacterial strain isolated from kimchi through comparative genomic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain LRCC5314 was a member of the species L. plantarum. Whole genome size of strain LRCC5314 was sequence was 3.25 Mb long, with a G + C content of 44.5 mol% and 3,031 predicted genes. Strain LRCC5314 could metabolize hexoses through homofermentation, which produces only lactic acid from hexoses. According to gene annotation, strain LRCC- 5314 contained genes of EPS production and CRISPR. Moreover, the strain contained genes that could encode a complete biosynthetic pathway for the production of tryptophan, which can be used as a precursor of serotonin. Notably, the tryptophan and serotonin activities strain LRCC5314 were higher than those of reference strains, L. plantarum ATCC 14917T, DSM 20246, DSM 2601, and ATCC 8014, which reach tryptophan amount of 0.784 ± 0.045 μM/ml in MRS broth and serotonin concentration of 19.075 ± 0.295 ng/ml in HT-22 cells. These findings indicated that L. plantarum LRCC5314 could provide a source for serotonin production and could be used as a functional probiotic for stress regulation.

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Review

Potential of Bacillus velezensis as a probiotic in animal feed: a review: Fatima Khalid , Anam Khalid , Yuechi Fu , Qian Hu , Yunfang Zheng , Salman Khan , Zaigui Wang; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(7):627-633. Published online July 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1161-1

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Bacillus velezensis is a plant growth-promoting bacterium that can also inhibit plant pathogens. However, based on its properties, it is emerging as a probiotic in animal feed. This review focuses on the potential characteristics of B. velezensis for use as a probiotic in the animal feed industry. The review was conducted by collecting recently published articles from peer-reviewed journals. Google Scholar and PubMed were used as search engines to access published literature. Based on the information obtained, the data were divided into three groups to discuss the (i) probiotic characteristics of B. velezensis, (ii) probiotic potential for fish, and (iii) the future potential of this species to be developed as a probiotic for the animal feed industry. Different strains of B. velezensis isolated from different sources were found to have the ability to produce antimicrobial compounds and have a beneficial effect on the gut microbiota, with the potential to be a candidate probiotic in the animal feed industry. This review provides valuable information about the characteristics of B. velezensis, which can provide researchers with a better understanding of the use of this species in the animal feed industry.

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Journal Articles

Patterns and drivers of Vibrio isolates phylogenetic diversity in the Beibu Gulf, China: Xing Chen , Hong Du , Si Chen , Xiaoli Li , Huaxian Zhao , Qiangsheng Xu , Jinli Tang , Gonglingxia Jiang , Shuqi Zou , Ke Dong , Jonathan M. Adams , Nan Li , Chengjian Jiang; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(12):998-1009. Published online October 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0293-z

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Members of the genus Vibrio are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and can be found either in a culturable or a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Despite widespread concerns as to how to define the occurrence and dynamics of Vibrio populations by culture-independent approaches, further physiological research and relevant biotechnological developments will require the isolation and cultivation of the microbes from various environments. The present work provides data and perspectives on our understanding of culturable Vibrio community structure and diversity in the Beibu Gulf. Finally, we isolated 1,037 strains of Vibrio from 45 samples and identified 18 different species. Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cyclitrophicus, V. tasmaniensis, V. brasiliensis, and V. splendidus were the dominant species that had regional distribution characteristics. The correlation between the quantitative distribution and community structure of culturable Vibrio and environmental factors varied with the Vibrio species and geographical locations. Among them, salinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus were the main factors affecting the diversity of culturable Vibrio. These results help to fill a knowledge gap on Vibrio diversity and provide data for predicting and controlling pathogenic Vibrio outbreaks in the Beibu Gulf.

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Environmental factors that regulate Vibrio spp. abundance and community structure in tropical waters
Yi You Wong, Choon Weng Lee, Chui Wei Bong, Joon Hai Lim, Ching Ching Ng, Kumaran Narayanan, Edmund Ui Hang Sim, Ai-jun Wang
Anthropocene Coasts.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Co-occurrence of chromophytic phytoplankton and the Vibrio community during Phaeocystis globosa blooms in the Beibu Gulf
Qiangsheng Xu, Pengbin Wang, Jinghua Huangleng, Huiqi Su, Panyan Chen, Xing Chen, Huaxian Zhao, Zhenjun Kang, Jinli Tang, Gonglingxia Jiang, Zhuoting Li, Shuqi Zou, Ke Dong, Yuqing Huang, Nan Li
Science of The Total Environment.2022; 805: 150303. CrossRef
Virulence mechanisms of vibrios belonging to the Splendidus clade as aquaculture pathogens, from case studies and genome data
Weiwei Zhang, Chenghua Li
Reviews in Aquaculture.2021; 13(4): 2004. CrossRef

Phenotypic characterization of a conserved inner membrane protein YhcB in Escherichia coli: Chul Gi Sung , Umji Choi , Chang-Ro Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(7):598-605. Published online April 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0078-4

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Although bacteria have diverse membrane proteins, the function of many of them remains unknown or uncertain even in Escherichia coli. In this study, to investigate the function of hypothetical membrane proteins, genome-wide analysis of phenotypes of hypothetical membrane proteins was performed under various envelope stresses. Several genes responsible for adaptation to envelope stresses were identified. Among them, deletion of YhcB, a conserved inner membrane protein of unknown function, caused high sensitivities to various envelope stresses and increased membrane permeability, and caused growth defect under normal growth conditions. Furthermore, yhcB deletion resulted in morphological aberration, such as branched shape, and cell division defects, such as filamentous growth and the generation of chromosome- less cells. The analysis of antibiotic susceptibility showed that the yhcB mutant was highly susceptible to various anti-folate antibiotics. Notably, all phenotypes of the yhcB mutant were completely or significantly restored by YhcB without the transmembrane domain, indicating that the localization of YhcB on the inner membrane is dispensable for its function. Taken together, our results demonstrate that YhcB is involved in cell morphology and cell division in a membrane localization-independent manner.

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Inhibition of cardiolipin biosynthesis partially suppresses the sensitivity of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking OmpC to envelope stress
Dae-Beom Ryu, Umji Choi, Gyubin Han, Chang-Ro Lee
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Co-ordinated assembly of the multilayered cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria
Elayne M Fivenson, Laurent Dubois, Thomas G Bernhardt
Current Opinion in Microbiology.2024; 79: 102479. CrossRef
Loss of YhcB results in overactive fatty acid biosynthesis
Hannah M. Stanley, M. Stephen Trent, K. Heran Darwin
mBio.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A New Factor LapD Is Required for the Regulation of LpxC Amounts and Lipopolysaccharide Trafficking
Alicja Wieczorek, Anna Sendobra, Akshey Maniyeri, Magdalena Sugalska, Gracjana Klein, Satish Raina
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(17): 9706. CrossRef
Loss of YhcB results in dysregulation of coordinated peptidoglycan, LPS and phospholipid synthesis during Escherichia coli cell growth
Emily C. A. Goodall, Georgia L. Isom, Jessica L. Rooke, Karthik Pullela, Christopher Icke, Zihao Yang, Gabriela Boelter, Alun Jones, Isabel Warner, Rochelle Da Costa, Bing Zhang, James Rae, Wee Boon Tan, Matthias Winkle, Antoine Delhaye, Eva Heinz, Jean-F
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Review

MINIREVIEW] EAST1 toxin: An enigmatic molecule associated with sporadic episodes of diarrhea in humans and animals: J. Daniel Dubreuil; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(7):541-549. Published online June 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8651-4

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EAST1 is produced by a subset of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains. This toxin is a 38-amino acid peptide of 4100 Da. It shares 50% homology with the enterotoxic domain of STa and interacts with the same receptor. The mechanism of action of EAST1is proposed to be identical to that of STa eliciting a cGMP increase. EAST1 is associated with diarrheal disease in Man and various animal species including cattle and swine. Nevertheless, as EAST1-positive strains as well as culture supernatants did not provoke unequivocally diarrhea either in animal models or in human volunteers, the role of this toxin in disease is today still debated. This review intent is to examine the role of EAST1 toxin in diarrheal illnesses.

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Journal Articles

Cyanobacterial biodiversity of semiarid public drinking water supply reservoirs assessed via next-generation DNA sequencing technology: Adriana Sturion Lorenzi , Mathias Ahii Chia , Fabyano Alvares Cardoso Lopes , Genivaldo Gueiros Z. Silva , Robert A. Edwards , Maria do Carmo Bittencourt-Oliveira; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):450-460. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8349-7

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Next-generation DNA sequencing technology was applied to generate molecular data from semiarid reservoirs during well-defined seasons. Target sequences of 16S-23S rRNA ITS and cpcBA-IGS were used to reveal the taxonomic groups of cyanobacteria present in the samples, and genes coding for cyanotoxins such as microcystins (mcyE), saxitoxins (sxtA), and cylindrospermopsins (cyrJ) were investigated. The presence of saxitoxins in the environmental samples was evaluated using ELISA kit. Taxonomic analyses of high-throughput DNA sequencing data showed the dominance of the genus Microcystis in Mundaú reservoir. Furthermore, it was the most abundant genus in the dry season in Ingazeira reservoir. In the rainy season, 16S-23S rRNA ITS analysis revealed that Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii comprised 46.8% of the cyanobacterial community in Ingazeira reservoir, while the cpcBAIGS region revealed that C. raciborskii (31.8%) was the most abundant taxon followed by Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides (17.3%) and Planktothrix zahidii (16.6%). Despite the presence of other potential toxin-producing genera, the detected sxtA gene belonged to C. raciborskii, while the mcyE gene belonged to Microcystis in both reservoirs. The detected mcyE gene had good correlation with MC content, while the amplification of the sxtA gene was related to the presence of STX. The cyrJ gene was not detected in these samples. Using DNA analyses, our results showed that the cyanobacterial composition of Mundaú reservoir was similar in successive dry seasons, and it varied between seasons in Ingazeira reservoir. In addition, our data suggest that some biases of analysis influenced the cyanobacterial communities seen in the NGS output of Ingazeira reservoir.

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Biocontrol activity of volatile organic compounds from Streptomyces alboflavus TD-1 against Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production: Mingguan Yang , Laifeng Lu , Jing Pang , Yiling Hu , Qingbin Guo , Zhenjing Li , Shufen Wu , Huanhuan Liu , Changlu Wang; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(5):396-404. Published online May 6, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8517-9

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Abstract PDF

Aspergillus flavus is a saprophytic fungus that contaminates crops with carcinogenic aflatoxin. In the present work, the antifungal effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Streptomyces alboflavus TD-1 against A. flavus were investigated. VOCs from 8-day-old wheat bran culture of S. alboflavus TD-1 displayed strong inhibitory effects against mycelial growth, sporulation, and conidial germination of A. flavus. Severely misshapen conidia and hyphae of A. flavus were observed by scanning electron microscopy after exposure to VOCs for 6 and 12 h, respectively. Rhodamine 123 staining of mitochondria indicated that mitochondria may be a legitimate antifungal target of the VOCs from S. alboflavus TD-1. Furthermore, the VOCs effectively inhibited aflatoxin B1 production by downregulating genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Dimethyl trisulfide and benzenamine may play important roles in the suppression of A. flavus growth and production of aflatoxin. The results indicate that VOCs from S. alboflavus TD-1 have tremendous potential to be developed as a useful bio-pesticide for controlling A. flavus.

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Characterization of the velvet regulators in Aspergillus flavus: Tae-Jin Eom , Heungyun Moon , Jae-Hyuk Yu , Hee-Soo Park; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(12):893-901. Published online October 25, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8417-4

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Fungal development and secondary metabolism are closely associated via the activities of the fungal NK-kB-type velvet regulators that are highly conserved in filamentous fungi. Here, we investigated the roles of the velvet genes in the aflatoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus. Distinct from other Aspergillus species, the A. flavus genome contains five velvet genes, veA, velB, velC, velD, and vosA. The deletion of velD blocks the production of aflatoxin B1, but does not affect the formation of sclerotia. Expression analyses revealed that vosA and velB mRNAs accumulated at high levels during the late phase of asexual development and in conidia. The absence of vosA or velB decreased the content of conidial trehalose and the tolerance of conidia to the thermal and UV stresses. In addition, double mutant analyses demonstrated that VosA and VelB play an inter-dependent role in trehalose biosynthesis and conidial stress tolerance. Together with the findings of previous studies, the results of the present study suggest that the velvet regulators play the conserved and vital role in sporogenesis, conidial trehalose biogenesis, stress tolerance, and aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus.

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Variation of cassiicolin genes among Chinese isolates of Corynespora cassiicola: Jun Wu , Xuewen Xie , Yanxia Shi , Ali Chai , Qi Wang , Baoju Li; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(9):634-647. Published online July 27, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7497-5

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Corynespora cassiicola is a species of fungus that is a plant pathogen of many agricultural crop plants, including severe target spot disease on cucumber. Cassiicolin is an important effector of pathogenicity of this fungus. In this study, we collected 141 Corynespora isolates from eighteen hosts, and the casscolin gene was detected in 82 C. cassiicola strains. The deduced protein sequences revealed that 72 isolates contained the Cas2 gene, two strains from Gynura bicolor harboured the Cas2.2 gene, and 59 isolates without a cassiicolin gene were classified as Cas0. Phylogenetic analyses was performed for the 141 isolates using four loci (ITS, ga4, caa5, and act1) and revealed two genetic clusters. Cluster A is composed of four subclades: subcluster A1 includes all Cas2 isolates plus 18 Cas0 strains, subcluster A2 includes the eight Cas5 isolates and one Cas0 isolate, and subclusters A3 and A4 contain Cas0 strains. Cluster B consists of 21 Cas0 isolates. Twenty-two C. cassiicola strains from different toxin classes showed varying degrees of virulence against cucumber. Cas0 or Cas2 strains induced diverse responses on cucumber, from no symptoms to symptoms of moderate or severe infection, but all Cas5 isolates exhibited avirulence on cucumber.

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Isolation and characterization of Aspergillus flavus strains in China: Firew Tafesse Mamo , Bo Shang , Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj , Yan Wang , Yang Liu; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(2):119-127. Published online February 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7144-1

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Important staple foods (peanuts, maize and rice) are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxin (AF)-producing fungi such as Aspergillus flavus. The objective of this study was to explore non-aflatoxin-producing (atoxigenic) A. flavus strains as biocontrol agents for the control of AFs. In the current study, a total of 724 A. flavus strains were isolated from different regions of China. Polyphasic approaches were utilized for species identification. Non-aflatoxin and non-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-producing strains were further screened for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis pathway gene clusters using a PCR assay. Strains lacking an amplicon for the regulatory gene aflR were then analyzed for the presence of the other 28 biosynthetic genes. Only 229 (32%) of the A. flavus strains were found to be atoxigenic. Smaller (S) sclerotial phenotypes were dominant (51%) compared to large (L, 34%) and non-sclerotial (NS, 15%) phenotypes. Among the atoxigenic strains, 24 strains were PCR-negative for the fas-1 and aflJ genes. Sixteen (67%) atoxigenic A. flavus strains were PCRnegative for 10 or more of the biosynthetic genes. Altogether, 18 new PCR product patterns were observed, indicating great diversity in the AFB1 biosynthesis pathway. The current study demonstrates that many atoxigenic A. flavus strains can be isolated from different regions of China. In the future laboratory as well as field based studies are recommended to test these atoxigenic strains as biocontrol agents for aflatoxin contamination.

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Mycobiota of ground red pepper and their aflatoxigenic potential: Hyeonheui Ham , Sosoo Kim , Min-Hee Kim , Soohyung Lee , Sung Kee Hong , Jae-Gee Ryu , Theresa Lee; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(12):832-837. Published online November 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6480-2

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Abstract PDF

To investigate contamination of ground red pepper with fungi and mycotoxin, we obtained 30 ground red pepper samples from 15 manufacturers in the main chili-pepper-producing areas in Korea. Fungal contamination was evaluated by spreading diluted samples on potato dextrose agar plates. The total fungi counts ranged from 0 to 7.3 × 103 CFU/g. In the samples, the genus Aspergillus had the highest incidence, while Paecilomyces was isolated most frequently. The next most frequent genera were Rhizopus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Alternaria. Within Aspergillus, A. ruber was predominant, followed by A. niger, A. amstelodami, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, A. versicolor, A. flavus, and A. fumigatus. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and citrinin by ultraperfomance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a fluorescence detector. Ochratoxin A was detected from three samples at 1.03‒2.08 μg/kg, whereas no aflatoxins or citrinin were detected. To test the potential of fungal isolates to produce aflatoxin, we performed a PCR assay that screened for the norB-cypA gene for 64 Aspergillus isolates. As a result, a single 800-bp band was amplified from 10 A. flavus isolates, and one Aspergillus sp. isolate. UPLC analyses confirmed aflatoxin production by nine A. flavus isolates and one Aspergillus sp. isolate, which produced total aflatoxins at 146.88‒909.53 μg/kg. This indicates that continuous monitoring of ground red pepper for toxigenic fungi is necessary to minimize mycotoxin contamination.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Lactobacillus rhamnosus CCFM1107 treatment ameliorates alcohol-induced liver injury in a mouse model of chronic alcohol feeding: Fengwei Tian , Feifei Chi , Gang Wang , Xiaoming Liu , Qiuxiang Zhang , Yongquan Chen , Hao Zhang , Wei Chen; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(12):856-863. Published online December 2, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5239-5

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Abstract

Lactobacillus rhamnosus CCFM1107 was screened for high antioxidative activity from 55 lactobacilli. The present study attempted to explore the protective properties of L. rhamnosus CCFM1107 in alcoholic liver injury. A mouse model was induced by orally feeding alcohol when simultaneously treated with L. rhamnosus CCFM1107, the drug Hu-Gan- Pian (HGP), L. rhamnosus GG (LGG), and L. plantarum CCFM1112 for 3 months. Biochemical analysis was performed for both serum and liver homogenate. Detailed intestinal flora and histological analyses were also carried out. Our results indicated that the administration of L. rhamnosus CCFM1107 significantly inhibited the increase in the levels of serum aminotransferase and endotoxin, as well as the levels of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHO) in the serum and in the liver. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were elevated while the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased. The enteric dysbiosis caused by alcohol was restored by increasing the numbers of both lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and decreasing the numbers of both enterococci and enterobacter. Histological analysis confirmed the protective effect of L. rhamnosus CCFM1107. Compared with the other lactobacilli and to the drug Hu-Gan-Pian, there is a high chance that L. rhamnosus CCFM1107 provides protective effects on alcoholic liver injury by reducing oxidative stress and restoring the intestinal flora.

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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis relBE toxin:antitoxin genes are stress-responsive modules that regulate growth through translation inhibition: Shaleen B. Korch , Vandana Malhotra , Heidi Contreras , Josephine E. Clark-Curtiss; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(11):783-795. Published online October 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5333-8

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Abstract

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) genes are ubiquitous among bacteria and are associated with persistence and dormancy. Following exposure to unfavorable environmental stimuli, several species (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Myxococcus xanthus) employ toxin proteins such as RelE and MazF to downregulate growth or initiate cell death. Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses three Rel TA modules (RelMtb): RelBEMtb, RelFGMtb and RelJKMtb (Rv1246c-Rv1247c, Rv2865-Rv2866, and Rv3357-Rv3358, respectively), which inhibit mycobacterial growth when the toxin gene (relE, relG, relK) is expressed independently of the antitoxin gene (relB, relF, relJ). In the present study, we examined the in vivo mechanism of the RelEMtb toxin protein, the impact of RelEMtb on M. tuberculosis physiology and the environmental conditions that regulate all three relMtb modules. RelEMtb negatively impacts growth and the structural integrity of the mycobacterial envelope, generating cells with aberrant forms that are prone to extensive aggregation. At a time coincident with growth defects, RelEMtb mediates mRNA degradation in vivo resulting in significant changes to the proteome. We establish that relMtb modules are stress responsive, as all three operons are transcriptionally activated following mycobacterial exposure to oxidative stress or nitrogen-limiting growth environments. Here we present evidence that the relMtb toxin:antitoxin family is stress-responsive and, through the degradation of mRNA, the RelEMtb toxin influences the growth, proteome and morphology of mycobacterial cells.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Identification of tyrosine 71 as a critical residue for the cytotoxic activity of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin towards MDCK cells: Zhigang Jiang , Jitao Chang , Fang Wang , Li Yu; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(2):141-146. Published online January 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4523-8

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Abstract

Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (Etx) is an extremely potent toxin, causing fatal enterotoxaemia in many animals. Several amino acids in domains I and II have been proposed to be critical for Etx to interact with MDCK cells. However, the critical amino acids in domain III remain undefined. Therefore, we assessed the effects of aromatic amino acids in domain III on Etx activity in this study. All of the results indicated that Y71 was critical for the cytotoxic activity of Etx towards MDCK cells, and this activity was dependent on the existence of an aromatic ring residue in position 71. Additionally, mutations in Y71 did not affect the binding of Etx to MDCK cells, indicating that Y71 is not a receptor binding site for Etx. In summary, we identified an amino acid in domain III that is important for the cytotoxic activity of Etx, thereby providing information on the structure-function relationship of Etx.

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Etx-Y71A as a non-toxic mutant of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin induces protective immunity in mice and sheep
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The pore structure of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin
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A Novel Panel of Rabbit Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Diverse Applications Including Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Oligomerization
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Review

MINIREVIEW] The Potential Hazards of Aspergillus sp. in Foods and Feeds, and the Role of Biological Treatment: A Review: Sheikh Imranudin Sheikh-Ali , Akil Ahmad , Siti-Hamidah Mohd-Setapar , Zainul Akmal Zakaria , Norfahana Abdul-Talib , Aidee Kamal Khamis , Md Enamul Hoque; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(10):807-818. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4294-7

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The contamination of food and feed by Aspergillus has become a global issue with a significant worldwide economic impact. The growth of Aspergillus is unfavourable to the development of food and feed industries, where the problems happen mostly due to the presence of mycotoxins, which is a toxic metabolite secreted by most Aspergillus groups. Moreover, fungi can produce spores that cause diseases, such as allergies and asthma, especially to human beings. High temperature, high moisture, retarded crops, and poor food storage conditions encourage the growth of mold, as well as the development of mycotoxins. A variety of chemical, biological, and physical strategies have been developed to control the production of mycotoxins. A biological approach, using a mixed culture comprised of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus resulted in the inhibition of the growth of fungi when inoculated into fermented food. The
results
reveal that the mixed culture has a higher potential (37.08%) to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus (producer of Aflatoxin) compared to either single culture, L. rhamnosus NRRL B-442 and S. cerevisiae, which inhibit the growth by 63.07% and 64.24%, respectively.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Molecular Characterization of Atoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolates Collected in China: Dandan Wei , Lu Zhou , Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj , Chushu Zhang , Fuguo Xing , Yueju Zhao , Yan Wang , Yang Liu; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(7):559-565. Published online May 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3629-8

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Abstract PDF

Aspergillus flavus strains were isolated from peanut fields of Liaoning, Shandong, Hubei and Guangdong Provinces in China, and identified through phenotypic and molecular approaches. Of the 323 A. flavus strains isolated, 76 strains did not produce aflatoxins detectable by UPLC. The incidence of atoxigenic A. flavus strains decreased with increase in temperature and increased with increase in latitude in different geographical locations. Amplification of all the aflatoxin genes in the aflatoxin gene cluster in the atoxigenic isolates showed that there were 25 deletion patterns (A-Y), with 22 deletion patterns identified for the first time. Most of the atoxigenic A. flavus isolates with gene deletions (97%) had deletions in at least one of the four genes (aflT, nor-1, aflR, and hypB), indicating that these four genes could be targeted for rapid identification of atoxigenic strains. The atoxigenic isolates with gene deletions, especially the isolates with large deletions, are potential candidates for aflatoxin control.

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Journal Article

Comparative Analysis of Superantigen Genes in Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Collected from a Single Mammary Quarter of Cows with Mastitis: Karol Fijałkowski , Magdalena Struk , Jolanta Karakulska , Aleksandra Paszkowska , Stefania Giedrys-Kalemba , Helena Masiuk , Danuta Czernomysy-Furowicz , Paweł Nawrotek; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(5):366-372. Published online April 11, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3436-2

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The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare genes encoding superantigens (SAgs) in Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected simultaneously from milk of the same cows with clinical mastitis. Genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like proteins (sea-selu), toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (tst-1) and exfolia-tive toxins (eta and etd) were investigated. It was found that among 30 isolates of S. xylosus, 16 (53.3%) harbored from 1 to 10 SAg genes. In total, in 16 SAg positive S. xylosus, 11 different enterotoxin genes were detected: sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, selm, seln, selo, selp, ser, selu and one etd gene encoding exfoliative toxin D. The most prevalent genes were ser, selu, and selo. Among all the positive isolates of S. xylosus, a total of 14 different SAg gene combinations were detected. One combination was repeated in 3 isolates, whereas the rest were detected only once. However, in the case of S. aureus all the 30 isolates harbored the same combination of SAg genes: seg, sei, selm, seln, selo and on the basis of PFGE analysis all belonged to the same clonal type. Also noteworthy was the observation that SAg genes detected in S. aureus have also been found in S. xylosus. The findings of this study further extend previous observations that SAg genes are present not only in S. aureus but also in coagulase-negative staphy-lococci, including S. xylosus. Therefore, taking into account that the SAg genes are encoded on mobile genetic elements it is possible that these genes can be transferred between different species of coexisting staphylococci.

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Reviews

REVIEW] When a Virus is not a Parasite: The Beneficial Effects of Prophages: Joseph Bondy-Denomy , Alan R. Davidson; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(3):235-242. Published online March 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4083-3

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Abstract PDF

Most organisms on the planet have viruses that infect them. Viral infection may lead to cell death, or to a symbiotic relationship where the genomes of both virus and host replicate together. In the symbiotic state, both virus and cell potentially experience increased fitness as a result of the other. The viruses that infect bacteria, called bacteriophages (or phages), well exemplify the symbiotic relationships that can develop between viruses and their host. In this review, we will discuss the many ways that prophages, which are phage genomes integrated into the genomes of their hosts, influence bacterial behavior and virulence.

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MINIREVIEW] Shiga Toxins Expressed by Human Pathogenic Bacteria Induce Immune Responses in Host Cells: Moo-Seung Lee , Myung Hee Kim , Vernon L. Tesh; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):724-730. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3429-6

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Abstract PDF

Shiga toxins are a family of genetically and structurally related toxins that are the primary virulence factors produced by the bacterial pathogens Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 and certain Escherichia coli strains. The toxins are multifunctional proteins inducing protein biosynthesis inhibition, ribotoxic and ER stress responses, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production. The regulated induction of inflammatory responses is key to minimizing damage upon injury or pathogen-mediated infections, requiring the concerted activation of multiple signaling pathways to control cytokine/chemokine expression. Activation of host cell signaling cascades is essential for Shiga toxinmediated proinflammatory responses and the contribution of the toxins to virulence. Many studies have been reported defining the inflammatory response to Shiga toxins in vivo and in vitro, including production and secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α/β (MIP-1α/β), macrophage chemoattractant monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Groβ. These cytokines and chemokines may contribute to damage in the colon and development of life threatening conditions such as acute renal failure (hemolytic uremic syndrome) and neurological abnormalities. In this review, we summarize recent findings in Shiga toxin-mediated inflammatory responses by different types of cells in vitro and in animal models. Signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory responses are briefly reviewed.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

The Proportion of Non-Aflatoxigenic Strains of the Aspergillus flavus/oryzae Complex from Meju by Analyses of the Aflatoxin Biosynthetic Genes: Seung-Beom Hong , Mina Lee , Dae-Ho Kim , Soo-Hyun Chung , Hyeon-Dong Shin , Robert A. Samson; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):766-772. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3128-3

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Strains of the Aspergillus flavus/oryzae complex are frequently isolated from meju, a fermented soybean product, that is used as the starting material for ganjang (soy sauce) and doenjang (soybean paste) production. In this study, we examined the aflatoxin producing capacity of A. flavus/oryzae strains isolated from meju. 192 strains of A. flavus/oryzae were isolated from more than 100 meju samples collected from diverse regions of Korea from 2008 to 2011, and the norB-cypA, omtA, and aflR genes in the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster were analyzed. We found that 178 strains (92.7%) belonged to non-aflatoxigenic group (Type I of norB-cypA, IB-L-B-, IC-AO, or IA-L-B- of omtA, and AO type of aflR), and 14 strains (7.3%) belonged to aflatoxin-producible group (Type II of norB-cypA, IC-L-B+/B- or IC-L-B+ of omtA, and AF type of aflR). Only 7 strains (3.6%) in the aflatoxin-producible group produced aflatoxins on Czapek yeast-extract medium. The aflatoxin-producing capability of A. flavus/ oryzae strains from other sources in Korea were also investigated, and 92.9% (52/56) strains from air, 93.9% (31/33) strains from rice straw, 91.7% (11/12) strains from soybean, 81.3% (13/16) strains from corn, 82% (41/50) strains from peanut, and 73.2% (41/56) strains from arable soil were included in the non-aflatoxigenic group. The proportion of non-aflatoxigenicity of meju strains was similar to that of strains from soybean, air and rice straw, all of which have an effect on the fermentation of meju. The data suggest that meju does not have a preference for non-aflatoxigenic or aflatoxin-producible strains of A. flavus/oryzae from the environment of meju. The non-aflatoxigenic meju strains are proposed to be named A. oryzae, while the meju strains that can produce aflatoxins should be referred to A. flavus in this study.

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Review

MINIREVIEW] Toxin-producing Cyanobacteria in Freshwater: A Review of the Problems, Impact on Drinking Water Safety, and Efforts for Protecting Public Health: Melissa Y. Cheung , Song Liang , Jiyoung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):1-10. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2549-3

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Cyanobacteria have adapted to survive in a variety of environments and have been found globally. Toxin-producing cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) have been increasing in frequency worldwide and pose a threat to drinking and recreational water. In this study, the prevalence, impact of CHABs and mitigation efforts were reviewed, focusing on the Lake Erie region and Ohio’s inland lakes that have been impacted heavily as an example so that the findings can be transferrable to other parts of the world that face the similar problems due to the CHABs in their freshwater environments. This paper provides a basic introduction to CHABs and their toxins as well as an overview of public health implications including exposure routes, health effects, and drinking water issues, algal bloom advisory practices in Ohio, toxin measurements results in Ohio public water supplies, and mitigation efforts.

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Molecular Detection of Cylindrospermopsin-Producing Cyanobacteria in the Coasts of Hormozgan Province, Iran
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Microcystin-leucine-arginine affects brain gene expression programs and behaviors of offspring through paternal epigenetic information
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Application of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking technology (SPATT) for monitoring microcystins in farm dams in Levubu farming area, South Africa
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Prediction of algal bloom using a combination of sparse modeling and a machine learning algorithm: Automatic relevance determination and support vector machine
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Ecological Informatics.2023; 78: 102337. CrossRef
Water Quality and Toxic Cyanobacteria in Oligohaline Estuary Beaches During the Longest Mississippi River Basin Flood Event in 2019
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Oral Palatability and Owners’ Perception of the Effect of Increasing Amounts of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in the Diet of a Cohort of Healthy Dogs and Cats
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Short-Term Meteorological Conditions Explain Cyanobacterial Blooms in a Tropical Reservoir
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A rapid LC-MS/MS method for multi-class identification and quantification of cyanotoxins
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Beyond cyanotoxins: increased Legionella, antibiotic resistance genes in western Lake Erie water and disinfection-byproducts in their finished water
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Octocrylene: From Sunscreens to the Degradation Pathway during Chlorination Processes: Formation of Byproducts and Their Ecotoxicity Assessment
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Health impact assessment of air pollution in an area of the largest coal mine in Brazil
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Comparative genomic analysis of five freshwater cyanophages and reference-guided metagenomic data mining
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Design and Preliminary Testing of an In-Field Passive Treatment System for Removing Phosphorus from Surface Water
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Expanding ecological assessment by integrating microorganisms into routine freshwater biomonitoring
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Acute cyanotoxin poisoning reveals a marginal effect on mouse gut microbiome composition but indicates metabolic shifts related to liver and gut inflammation
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Quantifying Scales of Spatial Variability of Cyanobacteria in a Large, Eutrophic Lake Using Multiplatform Remote Sensing Tools
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The Application of Potassium Permanganate to Treat Cyanobacteria-Laden Water: a Review
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LC and NMR Studies for Identification and Characterization of Degradation Byproducts of Olmesartan Acid, Elucidation of Their Degradation Pathway and Ecotoxicity Assessment
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Quantifying the Human Health Benefits of Using Satellite Information to Detect Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms and Manage Recreational Advisories in U.S. Lakes
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Analysis of Covalently Bound Microcystins in Sediments and Clam Tissue in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, California, USA
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Concise Synthesis of (+)‐[13C4]‐Anatoxin‐a by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of a Cyclic Iminium Ion
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Enhanced resistance of co-existing toxigenic and non-toxigenic Microcystis aeruginosa to pyrogallol compared with monostrains
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Drinking water treatment residuals from cyanobacteria bloom-affected areas: Investigation of potential impact on agricultural land application
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Science of The Total Environment.2020; 706: 135756. CrossRef
Relationship between cyanobacterial bloom impacted drinking water sources and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence rates
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Harmful Algae.2020; 95: 101801. CrossRef
Microcystis Bloom in an Urban Lake after River Water Diversion—A Case Study
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Cyanobacterial blooms modify food web structure and interactions in western Lake Erie
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Evaluation of alum-based water treatment residuals used to adsorb reactive phosphorus
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Water Science and Engineering.2020; 13(3): 181. CrossRef
Exposure to microcystin among coastal residents during a cyanobacteria bloom in Florida
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Suppression of water-bloom cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa by algaecide hydrogen peroxide maximized through programmed cell death
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Journal of Hazardous Materials.2020; 393: 122394. CrossRef
Identifying the Influence of Land Cover and Human Population on Chlorophyll a Concentrations Using a Pseudo-Watershed Analytical Framework
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Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide and Copper Sulfate on the Delayed Release of Microcystin
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Harnessing the biocatalytic potential of iron- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases in natural product total synthesis
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Environmental factors controlling phytoplankton dynamics in a large floodplain river with emphasis on cyanobacteria
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Identification and enumeration of cyanobacteria species using a deep neural network
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Monitoring cyanobacteria occurrence in freshwater reservoirs using semi-analytical algorithms and orbital remote sensing
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Microcystis toxin-mediated tumor promotion and toxicity lead to shifts in mouse gut microbiome
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Effect of Zinc on Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX LB 2385 and Its Toxin Production
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Ecogenomics of the Marine Benthic Filamentous Cyanobacterium Adonisia
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Analysis of multiclass cyanotoxins (microcystins, anabaenopeptins, cylindrospermopsin and anatoxins) in lake waters using on-line SPE liquid chromatography high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry
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Design, synthesis and algicides activities of thiourea derivatives as the novel scaffold aldolase inhibitors
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Freshwater Supply to Metropolitan Shanghai: Issues of Quality from Source to Consumers
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Harmful algal blooms and liver diseases: focusing on the areas near the four major rivers in South Korea
Seungjun Lee, Jinnam Kim, Boseung Choi, Gijung Kim, Jiyoung Lee
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C.2019; 37(4): 356. CrossRef
Characterization of Cyanophages in Lake Erie: Interaction Mechanisms and Structural Damage of Toxic Cyanobacteria
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Nutrients, eutrophication and harmful algal blooms along the freshwater to marine continuum
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Heat- and Cold-Shock Responses in Fusarium graminearum 3 Acetyl- and 15 Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol Chemotypes: Vladimir Vujanovic , Yit Kheng Goh , Prasad Daida; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):97-102. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1381-5

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Abstract PDF: Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America. Chemically distinct F. graminearum sub-populations can be identified based on the type or composition of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin derivatives, including 3-acetyl (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl (15-ADON). The evaluation of randomly selected 3-ADON and 15-ADON isolates, collected from spring wheat throughout Canada, was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ice-nucleation activity (INA), and heat and cold tolerance tests conducted within a temperature range of -70°C to 65°C. The results indicated that the 3-ADON sub-population, which is responsible for the highest disease severity and has rapidly displaced the 15-ADON sub-population, produces more DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the 15-ADON sub-population when exposed to heat and cold. Following exposures (1 and 2 h) to extremely high or low temperatures, 3-ADON isolates exhibited faster mycelial growth than 15-ADON isolates. In addition, the warmest temperature at which INA activity occurred was in 3-ADON (-3.6°C) vs. 15-ADON (-5.1°C). Taken together, these features suggest that the newly emerging 3-ADON sub-population is more resilient than the resident 15-ADON sub-population. Overall, the differences between the two sub-populations could provide new insights into FHB epidemiology and if validated under field conditions, may provide important information for predicting future FHB epidemics.

The PseEF Efflux System Is a Virulence Factor of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae: Hyosun Cho , Hyojeung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):79-90. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1353-9

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Abstract PDF

An ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, called the PseEF efflux system, was identified at the left border of the syr-syp genomic island of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain B301D. The PseEF efflux system was located within a 3.3-kb operon that encodes a periplasmic membrane fusion protein (PseE), and an ABC-type cytoplasmic membrane protein (PseF). The PseEF efflux system exhibited amino acid homology to a putative ABC efflux system (MacAB) of E. coli W3104 with identities of 47.2% (i.e., PseE to MacA) and 57.6% (i.e., PseF to MacB). A nonpolar mutation within the pseF gene was generated by nptII insertional mutagenesis. The resultant mutant strain showed significant reduction in secretion of syringomycin (74%) and syringopeptin (71%), as compared to parental strain B301D. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to determine transcript levels of the syringomycin (syrB1) and syringopeptin (sypA) synthetase genes in strain B301D-HK7 (a pseF mutant). Expression of the sypA gene by mutant strain B301D-HK7 was approximately 6.9% as compared to that of parental strain B301D, while the syrB1 gene expression by mutant strain B301D-HK7 was nearly 14.6%. In addition, mutant strain B301D-HK7 was less virulent by approximately 67% than parental strain B301D in immature cherry fruits. Mutant strain B301D-HK7 was not reduced in resistance to any antibiotics used in this study as compared to parental strain B301D. Expression (transcript levels) of the pseF gene was induced approximately six times by strain B301D grown on syringomycin minimum medium (SRM) supplemented with the plant signal molecules arbutin and D-fructose (SRMAF), as compared to that of strain B301D grown on SRM (in the absence of plant signal molecules). In addition, during infection of bean plants by P. syringae pv. syringae strain B728a, expression of the pseF gene increased at 3 days after inoculation (dai). More than 180-fold induction was observed in transcript levels of the pseF gene by parental strain B728a as compared to strain B728a-SL7 (a salA mutant). Thus, the PseEF efflux system, an ABC-type efflux system, has an important role in secretion of syringomycin and syringopeptin, and is required for full virulence in P. syringae pv. syringae.

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Epidemiological Investigation of eaeA-Positive Escherichia coli and Escherichia albertii Strains Isolated from Healthy Wild Birds: Jae-Young Oh , Min-Su Kang , Hee-Tae Hwang , Byung-Ki An , Jun-Hun Kwon , Yong-Kuk Kwon; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):747-752. Published online November 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1133-y

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Abstract PDF

Escherichia coli has commonly been associated with diarrheal illness in humans and animals. Recently, E. albertii has been reported to be a potential pathogen of humans and animals and to be carried by wild birds. In the present study, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of intimin-producing E. coli and E. albertii strains were evaluated in wild birds in Korea. Thirty one of 790 Enterobacteriaceae strains from healthy wild birds were positive for the intimin gene (eaeA) and twenty two of the 31 strains were identified as atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) that did not possess both EAF and bfpA genes. A total of nine lactose non-fermenting coliform bacterial strains were identified as E. albertii by PCR and sequence analysis of housekeeping genes. A total of 28 (90.3%) eaeA-positive strains were isolated from waterfowl. Fifteen aEPEC (68.2%) and two E. albertii (22.2%) strains had a β-intimin subtype and 14 aEPEC strains harboring β-intimin belonged to phylogenetic group B2. All eaeA-positive E. albertii and 3 aEPEC strains possessed the cytolethal distending toxin gene (cdtB). The eaeA-positive E. coli and E. albertii strains isolated from healthy wild birds need to be recognized as a potential pathogroup that may pose a potential threat to human and animal health. These findings indicate that eaeA-positive E. coli as well as E. albertii can be carried by wild birds, posing a potential threat to human and animal health.

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Predicting Genetic Traits and Epitope Analysis of apxIVA in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: Min-Kyoung Shin , Seung-Bin Cha , Won-Jung Lee , Han Sang Yoo; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):462-468. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0449-y

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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes a severe hemorrhagic pneumonia in pigs. Fifteen serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae express four different Apx toxins that belong to the pore-forming repeats-in-toxin (RTX) group of toxins. ApxIV, which is conserved and up-regulated in vivo, could be an excellent candidate for the development of a protective cross-serotype immunity vaccine, and could aid in the differential diagnosis of diseases caused by A. pleuropneumoniae. We identified and sequenced apxIVA from A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 isolated in Korea (Kor-ApxIVA). The Kor-ApxIVA was closely related to Switzerland (AF021919), China (CP000687), and China (GQ332268), showing 98.6%, 98.4%, and 97.2% amino acid homology, respectively. The level of amino acid homology, however, was higher than the nucleotide homology. The structural characteristics of ApxIVA showed RTX proteins, including N-terminal hydrophobic domains, signature sequences for potential acylation sites, and repeated glycine-rich nonapeptides in the C-terminal region of the protein. Thirty glycine-rich nonapeptides with the consensus sequence, L/V-X-G-G-X-G-N/D-D-X, were found in the C-terminus of the Kor-ApxIVA. In addition, the Kor-ApxIVA was predicted for the linear B-cell epitopes and conserved domains with determined peptide sequences. This genetic analysis of the Kor-ApxIVA might be an important foundation for future biological and functional research on ApxIVA.

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Review of advanced research on swine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae vaccine development strategy
Adehanom Baraki Tesfaye, Rui Han, Zhengyu Tao, Liuchao You, Jiayao Zhu, Pengcheng Gao, Lei Fu, Yuefeng Chu
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Rapid detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae targeting the apxIVA gene for diagnosis of contagious porcine pleuropneumonia in pigs by polymerase spiral reaction
R. Sarkar, P. Roychoudhury, S. Kumar, S. Dutta, N. Konwar, P. K. Subudhi, T. K. Dutta
Letters in Applied Microbiology.2022; 75(2): 442. CrossRef
Development ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeApxI, ApxII, and ApxIII-specific ELISA methods for evaluation of vaccine efficiency
Myunghwan Jung, Hokeun Won, Min-Kyoung Shin, Myung Whan Oh, Soojin Shim, Injoong Yoon, Han Sang Yoo
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Nguyễn Hiền Thân, Chế Đình Lý, Phạm Văn Tất
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Molecular Characterization Reveals Involvement of Altered El Tor Biotype Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains in Cholera Outbreak at Hyderabad, India: Ajay Kumar Goel , Meenu Jain , Pramod Kumar , Pennagaram Sarguna , Meera Bai , Neha Ghosh , Natrajan Gopalan; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):280-284. Published online May 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0317-9

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Thirty-four Vibrio cholerae isolates collected from a cholera outbreak in Hyderabad, South India were found to belong to serogroup O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa. The genotype of all the isolates was confirmed by PCR assays. All the isolates were found PCR positive for ctxAB, ompW, rfbO1, rtxC, and tcpA genes. All the isolates but one harboured rstREl Tor allele. However, one isolate carried both rstREl Tor as well as rstRClassical alleles. Cholera toxin (ctxB) genotyping of the isolates confirmed the presence of altered cholera toxin B of classical biotype in all the isolates. All the isolates except VCH35 harboured an RS1-CTX prophage array on the large chromosome. The isolate VCH35 contained a tandem repeat of classical CTX prophage on the small chromosome. The clonal relationship among the V. cholerae isolates as carried out by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences PCR, BOX PCR and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, uniformly showed a genetic relationship among the outbreak isolates. The results of this study suggest that altered El Tor biotype V. cholerae with the classical cholera toxin gene are involved in cholera outbreaks in India.

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Anna Lena Lopez, Shanta Dutta, Firdausi Qadri, Ly Sovann, Basu Dev Pandey, Wan Mansor Bin Hamzah, Iqbal Memon, Sopon Iamsirithaworn, Duc Anh Dang, Fahima Chowdhury, Seng Heng, Suman Kanungo, Vittal Mogasale, Ashraf Sultan, Michelle Ylade
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Nisha Rijal, Jyoti Acharya, Shailaja Adhikari, Bishnu Psd Upadhaya, Geeta Shakya, Palpasa Kansakar, Piyush Rajbhandari
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Bibhuti Bhusan Pal, Hemant Kumar Khuntia, Smruti Ranjan Nayak, Anima Mohanty, Bhagyalaxmi Biswal
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of clyA Genes in Various Serotypes of Salmonella enterica: Lan Ji Huang , Jinghua Cui , Hong Hua Piao , Yeongjin Hong , Hyon E. Choy , Phil Youl Ryu; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(5):663-667. Published online November 3, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-9268-9

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Cytolysin A (ClyA) is a pore-forming hemolytic protein encoded by the clyA gene. It has been identified in Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A. To identify and characterize the clyA genes in various Salmonella enterica strains, 21 different serotypes of strains isolated from clinical specimens were presently examined. Full-length clyA genes were found in S. enterica serovar Brandenburg, Indiana, Panama, and Schwarzengrund strains by polymerase chain reaction amplification. The ClyA proteins from these four strains showed >97% amino acid identity to that of S. enterica serovar Typhi. Although all four serovars expressed detectable levels of ClyA as determined by Western blot analysis, they did not show a strong hemolytic effect on blood agar, indicating that ClyA may not be efficiently expressed or secreted. Escherichia coli transformed with clyA genes from the four serovars enhanced production of ClyA proteins and hemolytic activities to a level similar to S. enterica serovar Typhi ClyA. The present results suggest that ClyA may play a role in the pathogenesis of S. enterica serovar Brandenburg, Indiana, Panama and Schwarzengrund.

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Plasmid profile and role in virulence of salmonella enterica serovars isolated from food animals and humans in Lagos Nigeria
Ajayi Abraham, Smith Stella Ifeanyi, Fowora Muinah, Bode-Sojobi Ibidunni Oreoluwa, Kalpy Julien Coulibaly, Adeleye Isaac Adeyemi
Pathogens and Global Health.2019; 113(6): 282. CrossRef
Assembly mechanism of the α-pore–forming toxin cytolysin A from Escherichia coli
Daniel Roderer, Rudi Glockshuber
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.2017; 372(1726): 20160211. CrossRef
Soluble Oligomers of the Pore-forming Toxin Cytolysin A from Escherichia coli Are Off-pathway Products of Pore Assembly
Daniel Roderer, Stephan Benke, Benjamin Schuler, Rudi Glockshuber
Journal of Biological Chemistry.2016; 291(11): 5652. CrossRef
The assembly dynamics of the cytolytic pore toxin ClyA
Stephan Benke, Daniel Roderer, Bengt Wunderlich, Daniel Nettels, Rudi Glockshuber, Benjamin Schuler
Nature Communications.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Eha, a transcriptional regulator of hemolytic activity ofEdwardsiella tarda
Daqing Gao, Jing Cheng, Enjin Zheng, Yuhong Li, Zeye Shao, Zeyan Xu, Chengping Lu
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Elevated recombinant clyA gene expression in the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536, a clue to explain pathoadaptive mutations in a subset of extraintestinal E. coli strains
Constance Oben Ayuk Enow, Jan Oscarsson, Nikola Zlatkov, Marie Westermark, Marylise Duperthuy, Sun Nyunt Wai, Bernt Eric Uhlin
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Impact of Some Environmental Factors on Growth and Production of Ochratoxin A of/by Aspergillus tubingensis, A. niger, and A. carbonarius Isolated from Moroccan Grapes: Atar Selouane , Driss Bouya , Ahmed Lebrihi , C. Decock , Amina Bouseta; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(4):411-419. Published online September 9, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0236-6

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Abstract PDF: The effects of temperature, water activity (aw), incubation time, and their combinations on radial growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production of/by eight Aspergillus niger aggregate strains (six A. tubingensis and two A. niger) and four A. carbonarius isolated from Moroccan grapes were studied. Optimal conditions for the growth of most studied strains were shown to be at 25°C and 0.95 aw. No growth was observed at 10°C regardless of the water activity and isolates. The optimal temperature for OTA production was in the range of 25°C~30°C for A. carbonarius and 30°C~37°C for A. niger aggregate. The optimal aw for toxin production was 0.95~0.99 for A. carbonarius and 0.90~0.95 for A. niger aggregate. Mean OTA concentration produced by all the isolates of A. niger aggregate tested at all sampling times shows that maximum amount of OTA (0.24 µg/g) was produced at 37°C and 0.90 aw. However, for A. carbonarius, mean maximum amounts of OTA (0.22 µg/g) were observed at 25°C and 0.99 aw. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of all single factors (aw, isolate, temperature and incubation time) and their interactions on growth and OTA production were highly significant.

A Comparison of Adult and Pediatric Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Collected from Patients at a University Hospital in Korea: Jin Yeol Park , Jong Sook Jin , Hee Young Kang , Eun Hee Jeong , Je Chul Lee , Yoo Chul Lee , Sung Yong Seol , Dong Taek Cho , Jungmin Kim; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(5):447-452.; DOI: https://doi.org/2591 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: In this study, we compared the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 138 MRSA isolates obtained from adult and pediatric patients (adult, 50; children, 88). The resistance rates against gentamicin, clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin were much higher in the adult MRSA isolates than in the pediatric MRSA isolates. The ermC gene, which is responsible for inducible clindamycin resistance, was detected in 52(59.1%) of the 88 pediatric MRSA isolates but in only 5(10.0%) of the 50 adult MRSA isolates. MRSA isolates of clonal type ST5 with an integration of SCCmec type II/II variants was the most predominant clone among the adult isolates, while clonal type ST72 with an integration of SCCmec IV/IVA was the most predominant clone among the pediatric MRSA isolates. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 were prevalent among the adult MRSA isolates but not among the pediatric MRSA isolates. The results of this study demonstrated remarkable differences between adult and pediatric MRSA isolates in terms of their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, SCCmec type, multilocus sequence type, staphylococcal toxin genes, and erythromycin resistance genes.

Immunological Roles of Pasteurella multocida Toxin (PMT) Using a PMT Mutant Strain: Tae Jung Kim , Nguyen Tat Toan , Eun Jin Jang , Bock Gie Jung , Jae Il Lee , Bong Joo Lee; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(4):364-366.; DOI: https://doi.org/2559 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: The immunological role of the Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) in mice was examined using a PMT mutant strain. After a nasal inoculation, the mutant strain failed to induce interstitial pneumonia. Moreover, PMT had no significant effect on the populations of CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, and CD19+ immunocytes in blood or on the populations of CD4+ and CD8+ splenocytes (P<0.01). However, there was a significant increase in the total number of cells in the BAL samples obtained from the wild-type P. multocida-inoculated mice. On the other hand, the level of IL-1 expression decreased when the macrophages from the bronchio-alveolar lavage were stimulated with PMT. Overall, PMT appears to play some role (stimulating and/or inhibiting) in the immunological responses but further studies will be required to confirm this.

Development of a toxA Gene Knock-out Mutant of Pasteurella multocida and Evaluation of its Protective Effects: Tae Jung Kim , Jae Il Lee , Bong Joo Lee; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(3):320-326.; DOI: https://doi.org/2380 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Pasteurella multocida is an important veterinary and opportunistic human pathogen. In particular, strains of P. multocida serogroup D cause progressive atrophic rhinitis, and produce a potent, intracellular, mitogenic toxin known as P. multocida toxin (PMT), which is encoded by the toxA gene. To further investigate the toxigenic and pathogenic effects of PMT, a toxA-deleted mutant was developed by homologous gene recombination. When administrated to mice, the toxigenicity of the toxA mutant P. multocida was drastically reduced, suggesting that the PMT constributes the major part of the toxigenicity of P. multocida. Similar results were obtained in a subsequent experiment, while high mortalities were observed when toxA(+) P. multocida bacterial culture or culture lysate were administrated. Mice immunized with toxA(? P. multocida were not protected (none survived) following challenge with toxA(+) P. multocida or bacterial culture lysate (toxin). These results suggest that the toxigenicity of P. multocida is mainly derived from PMT.

Review

Heterotrimeric G protein signaling and RGSs in Aspergillus nidulans: Jae-Hyuk Yu; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(2):145-154.; DOI: https://doi.org/2371 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Heterotrimeric G proteins (G proteins) are conserved in all eukaryotes and are crucial components sensing and relaying external cues into the cells to elicit appropriate physiological and biochemical responses. Basic units of the heterotrimeric G protein signaling system include a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), a G protein composed of α, β, and γ subunits, and variety of effectors. Sequential sensitization and activation of these G protein elements translates external signals into gene expression changes, resulting in appropriate cellular behaviors. Regulators of G protein signaling (RGSs) constitute a crucial element of appropriate control of the intensity and duration of G protein signaling. For the past decade, G protein signaling and its regulation have been intensively studied in a number of model and/or pathogenic fungi and outcomes of the studies provided better understanding on the upstream regulation of vegetative growth, mating, development, virulence/pathogenicity establishment, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in fungi. This review focuses on the characteristics of the basic upstream G protein components and RGS proteins, and their roles controlling various aspects of biological processes in the model filamentous ascomycete fungus Aspergillus nidulans. In particular, their functions in controlling hyphal proliferation, asexual spore formation, sexual fruiting, and the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin production are discussed.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Use of Clostridium septicum Alpha Toxins for Isolation of Various Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Deficient Cells: Dong-Jun Shin , Hyon E. Choy , Yeongjin Hong; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(3):266-271.; DOI: https://doi.org/2214 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: In eukaryotic cells, various proteins are anchored to the plasma membrane through glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). To study the biosynthetic pathways and modifications of GPI, various mutant cells have been isolated from the cells of Chinese hamster ovaries (CHO) supplemented with several exogenous genes involved in GPI biosynthesis using aerolysin, a toxin secreted from gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Alpha toxin from Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium septicum is homologous to large lobes (LL) of aerolysin, binds GPI-anchored proteins and possesses a cell-destroying mechanism similar to aerolysin. Here, to determine whether alpha toxins can be used as an isolation tool of GPI-mutants, like aerolysin, CHO cells stably transfected with several exogenous genes involved in GPI biosynthesis were chemically mutagenized and cultured in a medium containing alpha toxins. We isolated six mutants highly resistant to alpha toxins and deficient in GPI biosynthesis. By genetic complementation, we determined that one mutant cell was defective of the second subunit of dolichol phosphate mannose synthase (DPM2) and other five cells were of a putative catalytic subunit of inositol acyltransferase (PIG-W). Therefore, C. septicum alpha toxins are a useful screening probe for the isolation of various GPI-mutant cells.

Expression and Purification of a Recombinant scFv towards the Exotoxin of the Pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei: Kue-Peng Lim , HongBin Li , Sheila Nathan; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(2):126-132.; DOI: https://doi.org/2034 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: A single chain variable fragment (scFv) specific towards B. pseudomallei exotoxin had previously been generated from an existing hybridoma cell line (6E6AF83B) and cloned into the phage display vector pComb3H. In this study, the scFv was subcloned into the pComb3X vector to facilitate the detection and purification of expressed antibodies. Detection was facilitated by the presence of a hemagglutinin (HA) tag, and purification was facilitated by the presence of a histidine tag. The culture was grown at 30^oC until log phase was achieved and then induced with 1 mM IPTG in the absence of any additional carbon source. Induction was continued at 30^oC for five h. The scFv was discerned by dual processes-direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and Western blotting. When compared to E. coli strains ER2537 and HB2151, scFv expression was observed to be highest in the E. coli strain Top10F'. The expressed scFv protein was purified via nickel-mediated affinity chromatography and results indicated that two proteins a 52 kDa protein, and a 30 kDa protein were co-purified. These antibodies, when blotted against immobilized exotoxin, exhibited significant specificity towards the exotoxin, compared to other B. pseudomallei antigens. Thus, these antibodies should serve as suitable reagents for future affinity purification of the exotoxin.

Retraction of Publication

Retraction Note to: Identification of the Vibrio vulnificus htpG Gene and Its Influence on Cold Shock Recovery: Slae Choi , Kyungku Jang , Seulah Choi , Hee-jee Yun , Dong-Hyun Kang; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(6):657-657.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1680-4

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Characteristics of Ustilago maydis Virus of SH14 Killer Strain Isolated in Korea: Hwang, Seon Hee , Jung, Cheong Hwan , Yue, Se Won; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(2):154-159.

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Abstract PDF: SH-14, a novel killer strain of Ustilago maydis was isolated in Korea. It has been reported in other papers that the toxin specificity and double-stranded RNA pattern of SH-14 strain were different from other laboratory strains. In this paper, we analyzed the biochemical characteristics of U. maydis SH-14 virus. Three distinctive peaks were isolated from CsCl density gradient, designated as top (T), intermediate (I) and bottom (B) components. We found that the densities of each components, 1.285, 1.408 g/㎤, respectively, are very similar to those of other strains. As previously reported by the analysis of dsRNA in each component, the dsRNA segments are separately encapsidated. Capsid protein of SH-14 virus consists of two proteins about 70 Kd shown by SDS-PAGE analysis. Electron microscopic examination of the virus particles revealed that UmV particles are very similar in size and morphology to all isolates as well as all lab-strains. In order to test immunological cross reactivity of UmV, western blot analysis was carried out with antiserum against A8 virus. All capsid protein had positive reaction against A8 antibody which indicated that UmV are immunologically cross-reactive with all isolates from Korea. The results presented in this paper may show that UmV isolated from SH-14 strain has very similar biochemical characteristics to those of other UmV. However, the difference in the toxin specificity and the molecular weight of toxin protein from the SH-14 strain has us to conclude that U. maydis SH-14 strain is a new killer type.

Molecular cloning and expression of shiga-like toxin II gene (slt-II) from an isolated of healthy Korean native bovine feces, fscherichia coli KSC109: Cha, In Ho , Kim kyoung Sook , Kim, Sang Hyun , Kim, Young Hwan , Lee, Young Choon; J. Microbiol. 1996;34(2):151-157.

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Abstract PDF: By PCR amplification using the sequence of the previously cloned shiga-like toxin II DNA, a gene encoding it has been cloned from an isolate of healthy Korean native bovine feces, Escherichia coli KSC109. The nucleotide sequence s included tow open reading frames coding for 319 and 89 amino acids corresponding to A and B subunits, respectively. Comparison of the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of newly cloned gene (slt-II) with those of others in the SLT-II family revealed completely identical homology with SLT-II cloned previously from bacteriophabe DNA of E. coli 933 derived from a patient with hemorrhagic colities. In addition, the sequence homology of SLT-II with SLT-II variant form bovine was more than 95% at both the nucleotide and protein levels. Overexpression of SLT-II recombinant gene by induction with IPTG using an E, coli host-vector, system was conducted and the correctly processed products with active mature form exhibited 1000-fold higher cytotoxycity for Vero cells than that form original strain.

Characterization of bacillus thuringiensis isolates form soil in wonju area: Yoo, Kwan Hee , Kim, Soo Young , Kang, Min Ho , Cho, Myung Hwan , Lee, Hyung Hoan; J. Microbiol. 1996;34(4):370-373.

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Abstract PDF: There strains (KW-1, KW-14, KW-15) of Bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from soil in Wonju area and characterized. The three strains produced parasporal inclusion bodies (crystals) and spores in their cells. The KW-1 strain produces spherical crystals. The crystals of strain KW-14 are bipyramidal crystal. The KW-15 strain harbors irregular crystals. Only minor biochemical characteristics of the three isolates were different and distinctive, however general characteristics were similar to the known serotypes of B. thuringiensis. Three strains were resistant to penicilin G, oxacillin and cephalothin. This strains were highly toxic to Bombyx mori larvae, but not to the Culex pipiens larvae.

Biochemical Characteristics of a Killer Toxin Produced by Ustilago maydis Virus SH14 Isolated in Korea: Ham Eun Soo , Yie, Se Won , Choi, Hyung Tae; J. Microbiol. 1997;35(4):323-326.

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Abstract PDF: Toxin protein from Ustilago maydis virus SH14 isolated in Korea was purified using ethanol precipitation, cation exchange, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the purified protein was estimated to be 8.3 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. The Nterminal sequence of the protein is L-G-I-N-C(K)-R-G-S-S-Q--C(K)-G-L-S-G which is highly homologous with that of P4 toxin, but the amino acid composition and electrophoretic mobility in a native PAGE of the toxin protein were totally different from those of P4 toxin respectively. The SH14 toxin was shown to have immunological cross-reactivity about 50% with P4 toxin when examined by Western hybridization.

Overexpression of Insecticidal Protein Gene of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD1: Hwang, Sung Hei , Yoo, Kwan Hee , Moon, Eui Sik , Cha Soung Chul , Lee, Hyung Hoan; J. Microbiol. 1998;36(4):289-295.

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Abstract PDF: The Insecticidal protein (ICP) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis var, kurstaki HD-1 was cloned in pBluescript SK(+) vector and charicterized by overexpression in Escherichia coli XL1-blue. Total plasmids in the B. thuringiensis were isolated and digested with restriction enzyme BamHI. Then, southern blot was performed with a probe to locate the gene in the fragments. The hybridized 3.8 kb NdeI DNA fragment was cloned into the SmaI site of pBluescript SK(+) and named pHLN1-80 in forward orientation to the lacZ gene promoter and pHLN2-80 in reverse orientation to the lacZ gene promoter. Determination of 153 bp nucleotide sequence of 5'-end of the NdeI fragment in the pHLN1-80 clone revealed that there are-80 bp region of the ICP gene promoter and +73 bp region of the ICP gene at the 5'end of the ICP gene. In addition, the-80 bp promoter of the ICP gene contained transcription initiation point G at-77 bp point and BtI promoter and Shine-Dalgarno sequence at-14 to-4 bp region. The two clones showed strong insecticidal activity against 3rd the instar Bompyx mori larvae. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the pHLN2-80 clone clearly produces distinguishable amount (27 times more) of the 130 kDa ICP band and 100 times the insecticidal activity than that of the clone pHLN1-80. These marked differences in production and toxicity due to different orientations of the gene in the vectior provide us valuable points for further study on the ICP gene transcription at the molecular level.

Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of Verotoxin Gene from Escherichia coli O157 KNIH317 Isolated in Korea: Park, Yong-Chjun , Shin, Hee Jung , Kim, Young Chang; J. Microbiol. 1999;37(3):168-173.

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Abstract PDF: Escherichia coli O157 is an important pathogenic organism which causes diarrhea, haemorrhagic colitis, and haemolytic ureamic syndrome (HUS) in human. E. coli O157 KNIH317 was isolated form patients suffering with HUS in Korea. We designed a primer set for cloning shiga-like toxin (slt) gene. The amplified PCR product was used to Southern and colony hybridization as a probe. As a result, we cloned 4.5-kb KpnI fragment containing the slt gene encoding shiga-like toxin from chromosomal DNA of E. coli O157 KNIH317. This recombinant plasmid was named pOVT45. E. coli XL1-Blue harboring pOVT45 showed cytotoxicity in Vero cells. We sequenced the slt gene of this strain. The A-subunit gene of the slt was composed of 960 base pairs with ATG initiation codon and TAA terminationcodon. The B-subunit was composed of 270 base paris with ATG initiation codon and TGA termination codon. Nucleotide sequence comparison of the slt gene exhibited 100%, 98.4%, 93.7%, and 93.7% identity with that of shiga-like toxin type II (sltII) of E. coli bacteriophage 933W, variant slt of E. coli, slt of E. coli, and variant sltII of E. coli, respectively. From these results, it was concluded that the cloned slt gene belongs to SltII family and that the strain used in this study may be a lysogeny of E. coli bacteriphage 933W.

Characterization of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain Producing Verotoxin 2 Isolated from a Patient in Korea: Chang-Kyu Sohn , Wan Huh , Byung-Chun Kim , Wan Park; J. Microbiol. 2000;38(2):93-98.

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Abstract PDF: Nine hundred patients diagnosed with diarrhea or hemorrhagic uremic syndrome in the Kyungpook Province, Korea, were examined from November 1998 to February 2000. One patient in Kumi appeared to possess the Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain, which is very important in clinical decision making and public health action. The isolated strain, an E. coli O157:H7 KM, contained a 60 MDa plasmid and typical virulence genes including the verotoxin 2 gene, ehxA gene (encoding enterohemorrhagic hemolysin), and eae (encoding attaching and effacing protein-intimin) gene. This strain produced only verotoxin 2. Pulsed field gel electrophoretic analysis showed that the genomic organization of the E. coli O157:H7 KM strain may differ greatly from those of representative strains previously reported in the United States and Japan.

Histological Alterations and Immune Response Induced by Pet Toxin During Colonization with Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in a Mouse Model: Teresita Sainz , Julia Perez , Ma. Cristina Fresan , Veronica Flores , Luis Jimenez , Ulises Hernandez , Ismael Herrera , Carlos Eslava; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(2):91-97.

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Abstract PDF: Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is an important aethiological causal agent of diarrhea in people of developed and undeveloped countries. Different in vitro and in vivo models have been proposed to study the pathogenic and immune mechanisms of EAEC infection. The aim of this study was to analyze whether BALB/c mice could be used as an animal model to study EAEC pathogenesis. Six-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with EAEC strain 042 (O44:H18) nalidixic acid resistant, and re-inoculated ten days after. Mice feces were monitored for the presence of the EAEC strain over a period of 20 days. Bacteria were enumerated on MacConkey agar containing 100 ug of nalidixic acid per ml. Results showed that 35% of the animals were colonized for 3 days, 15% for 5 and 10% for more than 7 days. After re-inoculation only 16% of the animals remained colonized for more than 3 days. During the necropsy, the intestinal fluid of some of the infected animals presented mucus and blood. Six of these fluids showed the presence of IgA antibodies against Pet toxin and IgG antibodies raised against the toxin were also detected in the animal serum. Histopathologic evidence confirms the stimulation of mucus hypersecretion, an increased amount of goblet cells and the presence of bacterial aggregates in the apical surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells. Edema was present in the submucosa. These results suggest that BALB/c mice could be used as an animal model for the in vivo study of EAEC infection.

Stimulation of Tissue Transglutaminase Activity by Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin Type B: Yu Seok Moon , Gi-Hyeok Yang , Sang-Dal Rhee , Hyun Ho Jung; J. Microbiol. 2003;41(2):161-164.

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Abstract PDF: Recombinant light chain of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type B stimulated transglutaminase activity in a dose dependent manner. Compared to native toxin, recombinant light chain showed a greater stimulatory effect on transglutaminase activity. Zn-chelating agents, inhibiting the roteolytic activity of the clostridial toxins, did not interfere with this stimulation. These results suggest that the light chain plays a major stimulatory role, which is not due to its metallopeptidase activity, but is possibly due to specific interaction with transglutaminase. More importantly, this report provides a new insight into the intracellular action of C. botulinum neurotoxins.

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