Journal of Microbiology

Review

Structural analysis of dual specificity phosphatases, the only type of protein tyrosine phosphatases found in humans and across diverse microorganisms: Bonsu Ku; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(10):e2506006. Published online October 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2506006

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), a subfamily of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family, dephosphorylate not only phosphotyrosine but also phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues. Beyond the 26 members of this family in humans, DUSPs represent the only type of PTPs found across a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, and viruses. This review presents a comprehensive structural analysis of human and microbial DUSPs. These proteins commonly share core features, such as a typical DUSP fold, shallow active site pocket, signature active site motif known as the P-loop, and conserved aspartate residue that acts as a general acid/base. However, DUSPs from diverse microorganisms also display unique structural and functional characteristics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa TpbA is the only bacterial DUSP identified to date, while a second candidate was proposed in this review. Archaeal DUSPs are hyperthermostable, contain a unique motif in their P-loops, and employ dual general acid/base residues. Poxviral DUSPs are characterized by the formation of domain-swapped homodimers. The presence of DUSPs across all domains of life and viruses, along with their low specificity for phosphorylated amino acids and structural similarity to classical PTPs, suggests that DUSPs represent the ancestral form of PTPs.

Full articles

PhoU interaction with the PhoR PAS domain is required for repression of the pho regulon and Salmonella virulence, but not for polyphosphate accumulation: Seungwoo Baek, Soomin Choi, Yoontak Han, Eunna Choi, Shinae Park, Jung-Shin Lee, Eun-Jin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(9):e2505013. Published online September 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2505013

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: The pho regulon plays a critical role in maintaining phosphate homeostasis in bacteria, with the PhoU protein functioning as a regulator that bridges the PhoB/PhoR two-component system and the PstSCAB₂ phosphate transporter. While PhoU is known to suppress PhoR autophosphorylation under high phosphate conditions via interaction with its PAS domain, its broader regulatory functions remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of the PhoU Ala147 residue in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium using a phoU^A147E substitution mutant. Bacterial two-hybrid and immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that Ala147 is essential for PhoU-PhoR PAS domain interaction, and its substitution leads to derepression of pho regulon genes, even in high phosphate conditions. This disruption impaired Salmonella survival inside macrophages and mouse virulence, demonstrating the importance of PhoU-PhoR interaction in Salmonella pathogenesis. However, unlike the phoU deletion mutant, the phoU^A147E mutant does not exhibit growth defects or polyphosphate accumulation, indicating that the PhoU-PhoR interaction is not involved in these phenotypes. Our findings reveal PhoU as a multifaceted regulator, coordinating phosphate uptake and pho regulon expression through distinct molecular interactions, and provide new insights into its role in bacterial physiology and virulence.

Rubrivirga aquatilis sp. nov. and Rubrivirga halophila sp. nov., isolated from Korean coastal surface seawater: Jisoo Han, Yeonjung Lim, Mirae Kim, Jang-Cheon Cho; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(8):e2504017. Published online August 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2504017

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Two Gram-stain-negative, obligately aerobic, non-motile, short rod-shaped bacteria, designated IMCC43871^T and IMCC45206^T, were isolated from coastal surface seawater collected from the Yellow Sea and the South Sea of Korea, respectively. The two strains shared 99.2% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with each other and exhibited ≤ 98.4% similarity to three described Rubrivirga species. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between IMCC43871^T and IMCC45206^T were 88.5% and 36.3%, respectively, confirming that they represent two distinct species. Their ANI (≤ 77.7%) and dDDH (≤ 21.4%) values relative to the type strains of the genus Rubrivirga further supported the recognition of strains IMCC43871^T and IMCC45206^T as two novel species within the genus. The complete genomes of IMCC43871^T (4.17 Mb, 71.8% G + C content) and IMCC45206^T (4.17 Mb, 72.8% G + C content) fall within the known genomic range of the genus. Cellular fatty acid, quinone, and polar lipid profiles were consistent with the chemotaxonomic features of the genus Rubrivirga, supporting their affiliation with the genus. Based on phylogenetic, genomic, and phenotypic evidence, strains IMCC43871^T and IMCC45206^T are proposed as two novel species, Rubrivirga aquatilis sp. nov. and Rubrivirga halophila sp. nov., respectively. The type strains are IMCC43871^T (= KCTC 102072^T = NBRC 116463^T) and IMCC45206^T (= KCTC 92925^T = NBRC 116172^T = CCTCC AB 2023136^T).

The photosensitizer DH-I-180-3 regulates intracellular bacterial growth by increasing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines via the NF-κB- and MAPK-mediated signaling pathways and promoting phagosome maturation in Salmonella-infected mouse macrophages: Hyo-Jung Kim, Eui-Kwon Jeong, Hyo-Ji Lee, Yu-Jin Jung; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(6):e2502003. Published online June 4, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2502003

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a known strategy for treating cancer; in PDT, photosensitizers are activated by light stimulation and then induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to damage cancer tissues. Recently evidence has shown that PDT can also be used as a novel treatment strategy to control pathogenic bacteria. In previous studies, the photosensitizer DH-I-180-3 was reported to effectively regulate multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth. Here, we confirmed the effects of DH-I-180-3 on the antibacterial activity and inflammatory response of macrophages to Salmonella. Photoactivated DH-I-180-3 regulated intracellular bacterial growth in Salmonella-infected macrophages. Moreover, DH-I-180-3 increased intracellular ROS levels in Salmonella-infected macrophages. The phosphorylation of the intracellular signaling proteins IκBα and JNK1/2 was increased in DH-I-180-3-treated Salmonella-infected macrophages. Additionally, we observed that DH-I-180-3 significantly increased the mRNA expression and protein secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and promoted phagosome maturation by upregulating EEA1, LAMP1, and Cathepsin D in Salmonella-infected macrophages. Overall, these results demonstrate that photoactivated DH-I-180-3 enhances the bactericidal response to intracellular bacterial infection by promoting inflammatory signaling pathways and phagosome maturation. Therefore, DH-I-180-3 has the potential to be developed into PDT for treating bacterial-infection.

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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Circadian Rhythmic Regulation of Lipid Metabolism and Immune Function in Chicken Livers
Jiahua Li, Jie Dong, Minjie Huang, Yuting Jin, Xiaodong Tan, Deqian Wang
Animals.2025; 15(22): 3241. CrossRef

Characterization of novel bacteriophages for effective phage therapy against Vibrio infections in aquaculture: Kira Moon, Sangdon Ryu, Seung Hui Song, Se Won Chun, Nakyeong Lee, Aslan Hwanhwi Lee; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(5):e2502009. Published online May 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2502009

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The widespread use of antibiotics in aquaculture has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and environmental concerns, highlighting the need for sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives. In this study, we isolated and characterized three novel bacteriophages from aquaculture effluents in Korean shrimp farms that target the key Vibrio pathogens, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Bacteriophages were isolated through environmental enrichment and serial purification using double-layer agar assays. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the phages infecting V. harveyi, designated as vB_VhaS-MS01 and vB_VhaS-MS03, exhibited typical Siphoviridae morphology with long contractile tails and icosahedral heads, whereas the phage isolated from V. parahaemolyticus (vB_VpaP-MS02) displayed Podoviridae characteristics with an icosahedral head and short tail.

Whole-genome sequencing produced complete, circularized genomes of 81,710 bp for vB_VhaS-MS01, 81,874 bp for vB_VhaS-MS03, and 76,865 bp for vB_VpaP-MS02, each showing a modular genome organization typical of Caudoviricetes. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses based on the terminase large subunit gene revealed that although vB_VhaS-MS01 and vB_VhaS-MS03 were closely related, vB_VpaP-MS02 exhibited a distinct genomic architecture that reflects its unique morphology and host specificity. Collectively, these comparative analyses demonstrated that all three phages possess genetic sequences markedly different from those of previously reported bacteriophages, thereby establishing their novelty. One-step growth and multiplicity of infection (MOI) experiments demonstrated significant differences in replication kinetics, such as burst size and lytic efficiency, among the phages, with vB_VhaS-MS03 maintaining the most effective bacterial control, even at an MOI of 0.01. Additionally, host range assays showed that vB_VhaS-MS03 possessed a broader spectrum of activity, supporting its potential use as a stand-alone agent or key component of phage cocktails. These findings highlight the potential of region-specific phage therapy as a targeted and sustainable alternative to antibiotics for controlling Vibrio infections in aquaculture.

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Feed Additives in Aquaculture: Benefits, Risks, and the Need for Robust Regulatory Frameworks
Ekemini Okon, Matthew Iyobhebhe, Paul Olatunji, Mary Adeleke, Nelson Matekwe, Reuben Okocha
Fishes.2025; 10(9): 471. CrossRef

Genetic insights into novel lysis suppression by phage CSP1 in Escherichia coli: Moosung Kim, Sangryeol Ryu; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(4):e2501013. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2501013

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Lysis inhibition (LIN) in bacteriophage is a strategy to maximize progeny production. A clear plaque-forming mutant, CSP1C, was isolated from the turbid plaque-forming CSP1 phage. CSP1C exhibited an adsorption rate and replication dynamics similar to CSP1. Approximately 90% of the phages were adsorbed to the host cell within 12 min, and both phages had a latent period of 25 min. Burst sizes were 171.42 ± 31.75 plaque-forming units (PFU) per infected cell for CSP1 and 168.94 ± 51.67 PFU per infected cell for CSP1C. Both phages caused comparable reductions in viable E. coli cell counts at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI). However, CSP1 infection did not reduce turbidity, suggesting a form of LIN distinct from the well-characterized LIN of T4 phage. Genomic analysis revealed that a 4,672-base pairs (bp) DNA region, encompassing part of the tail fiber gene, CSP1_020, along with three hypothetical genes, CSP1_021, CSP1_022, and part of CSP1_023, was deleted from CSP1 to make CSP1C. Complementation analysis in CSP1C identified CSP1_020, CSP1_021, and CSP1_022 as a minimal gene set required for the lysis suppression in CSP1. Co-expression of these genes in E. coli with holin (CSP1_092) and endolysin (CSP1_091) resulted in lysis suppression. Lysis suppression was abolished by disrupting the proton motive force (PMF), supporting their potential role as antiholin. Additionally, CSP1_021 directly interacts with holin, suggesting that it may function as an antiholin. These findings identify new genetic factors involved in lysis suppression in CSP1, providing broader insights into phage strategies for modulating host cell lysis.

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Characterization and genome analyses of the novel phages targeting extraintestinal Escherichia coli clones ST131 and ST410
Md Shamsuzzaman, Yoon-Jung Choi, Shukho Kim, Jungmin Kim
International Microbiology.2025; 28(7): 2233. CrossRef
Optical Density-Based Methods in Phage Biology: Titering, Lysis Timing, Host Range, and Phage-Resistance Evolution
Stephen T. Abedon
Viruses.2025; 17(12): 1573. CrossRef

Antifungal effects of Metformin against Candida albicans by autophagy regulation: Xiao Zhao, Yang Wang, Qinqin Zhang, Yun Huang, Xin Wei, Daming Wu; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(4):e2411008. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2411008

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Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a common opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause infections ranging from superficial to severe systemic diseases. This study investigates the antifungal effects of metformin on C. albicans and explores its underlying mechanisms. Growth inhibition was assessed via XTT assays, and hyphal formation and morphological changes were observed by light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured with JC-1 and DCFH-DA probes, respectively. Gene expression related to ROS and autophagy was quantified by RT-qPCR, and autophagosomes were visualized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Metformin significantly inhibited C. albicans growth and hyphal formation, altered cell morphology, reduced MMP, and increased ROS levels. It activated autophagy in planktonic C. albicans but suppressed it in biofilm forms. Additionally, metformin exhibited synergistic effects with amphotericin B against planktonic C. albicans and with caspofungin against biofilms. The findings suggest that metformin exerts antifungal activity by modulating MMP, ROS levels, and autophagy-related pathways, and enhances the efficacy of specific antifungal drugs.

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Chloroquine Alone and Combined with Antifungal Drug Against Candida albicans Biofilms In Vitro and In Vivo via Autophagy Inhibition
Xiao Zhao, Qiaochu Wu, Chenyu Weng, Shuangbo Xu, Yufei Wang, Weiyu Yuan, Xuening Xiong, Wanjing Chen, Xin Wei
Mycopathologia.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Updates on Candida albicans infections: pathogenesis, resistance, and emerging nanopharmaceutical strategies
Marilena Pariano, Matteo Puccetti, Consuelo Fabi, Emilia Nunzi, Sarah Balucchi, Luana Perioli, Maurizio Ricci, Stefano Giovagnoli, Enrico Garaci, Luigina Romani
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy.2025; 23(10): 951. CrossRef

Review

Synthetic biology strategies for sustainable bioplastic production by yeasts: Huong-Giang Le, Yongjae Lee, Sun-Mi Lee; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(3):e2501022. Published online March 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2501022

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The increasing environmental concerns regarding conventional plastics have led to a growing demand for sustainable alternatives, such as biodegradable plastics. Yeast cell factories, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, have emerged as promising platforms for bioplastic production due to their scalability, robustness, and ease of manipulation. This review highlights synthetic biology approaches aimed at developing yeast cell factories to produce key biodegradable plastics, including polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). We explore recent advancements in engineered yeast strains that utilize various synthetic biology strategies, such as the incorporation of new genetic elements at the gene, pathway, and cellular system levels. The combined efforts of metabolic engineering, protein engineering, and adaptive evolution have enhanced strain efficiency and maximized product yields. Additionally, this review addresses the importance of integrating computational tools and machine learning into the Design-Build-Test-Learn cycle for strain development. This integration aims to facilitate strain development while minimizing effort and maximizing performance. However, challenges remain in improving strain robustness and scaling up industrial production processes. By combining advanced synthetic biology techniques with computational approaches, yeast cell factories hold significant potential for the sustainable and scalable production of bioplastics, thus contributing to a greener bioeconomy.

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Advancing microbial engineering through synthetic biology
Ki Jun Jeong
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(3): e2503100. CrossRef

Research Articles

Single nucleotide genome recognition and selective bacterial lysis using synthetic phages loaded with CRISPR-Cas12f1-truncated sgRNA: Ho Joung Lee, Song Hee Jeong, Sang Jun Lee; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(2):e2501012. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2501012

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Phage specificity primarily relies on host cell-surface receptors. However, integrating cas genes and guide RNAs into phage genomes could enhance their target specificity and regulatory effects. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-Cas12f1 system-equipped bacteriophage λ model capable of detecting Escherichia coli target genes. We demonstrated that synthetic λ phages carrying Cas12f1-sgRNA can effectively prevent lysogen formation. Furthermore, we showcased that truncating the 3'-end of sgRNA enables precise identification of single-nucleotide variations in the host genome. Moreover, infecting E. coli strains carrying various stx2 gene subtypes encoding Shiga toxin with bacteriophages harboring Cas12f1 and truncated sgRNAs resulted in the targeted elimination of strains with matching subtype genes. These findings underscore the ability of phages equipped with the CRISPR-Cas12f1 system to precisely control microbial hosts by recognizing genomic sequences with high resolution.

Functional importance of Ser323 in cysteine desulfhydrase and cystathionine gamma-lyase MccB of Staphylococcus aureus: Dukwon Lee, Hyojeong Lee, Kyumi Byun, Eun-Su Park, Nam-Chul Ha; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(2):e2411026. Published online February 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2411026

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes participate in various reactions involved in methionine and cysteine metabolism. The representative foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus expresses the PLP-dependent enzyme MccB, which exhibits both cystathionine gamma-lyase (CGL) and cysteine desulfhydrase activities. In this study, we investigated the role of Ser323 in MccB, a conserved residue in many PLP-dependent enzymes in the transsulfuration pathway. Our findings reveal that Ser323 forms a hydrogen bond with the catalytic lysine in the absence of PLP, and upon internal aldimine formation, PLP-bound lysine is repositioned away from Ser323. Substituting Ser323 with alanine abolishes the enzymatic activity, similar to mutations at the catalytic lysine site. Spectroscopic analysis suggests that Ser323 is essential for the rapid formation of the internal aldimine with lysine in wild-type MccB. This study highlights the crucial role of Ser323 in catalysis, with broader implications for other PLP-dependent enzymes, and enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the selective control of foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

Journal Articles

Characterization of Newly Isolated Bacteriophages Targeting Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: Bokyung Kim, Shukho Kim, Yoon-Jung Choi, Minsang Shin, Jungmin Kim; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1133-1153. Published online December 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00180-7

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Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, is increasingly resistant to carbapenems in clinical settings. This growing problem necessitates the development of alternative antibiotics, with phage therapy being one promising option. In this study, we investigated novel phages targeting carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and evaluated their lytic capacity against clinical isolates of CRKP. First, 23 CRKP clinical isolates were characterized using Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), carbapenemase test, string test, and capsule typing. MLST classified the 23 K. pneumoniae isolates into 10 sequence types (STs), with the capsule types divided into nine known and one unknown type. From sewage samples collected from a tertiary hospital, 38 phages were isolated. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of these phages was performed using Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis. Host spectrum analysis revealed that each phage selectively lysed strains sharing the same STs as their hosts, indicating ST-specific activity. These phages were subtyped based on their host spectrum and RAPD-PCR, identifying nine and five groups, respectively. Fourteen phages were selected for further analysis using TEM and WGS, revealing 13 Myoviruses and one Podovirus. Genomic analysis grouped the phages into three clusters: one closely related to Alcyoneusvirus, one to Autographiviridae, and others to Straboviridae. Our results showed that the host spectrum of K. pneumoniae-specific phages corresponds to the STs of the host strain. These 14 novel phages also hold promise as valuable resources for phage therapy against CRKP.

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Evaluation of Bacteriophage and Antibiotic Synergy Against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Clinical Isolates
Bokyung Kim, Shukho Kim, Yoon-Jung Choi, Minsang Shin, Jungmin Kim
Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2025; 55(2): 131. CrossRef
Possible regulatory network and associated pathways governing the expression of ADH2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Pratima Sarkar, Rohan Nath, Prity Adhikary, Arindam Bhattacharjee
Current Genetics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Leuconostoc aquikimchii sp. nov., a Lactic Acid Bacterium Isolated from Cabbage Watery Kimchi: Subin Kim, Se Hee Lee, Ki Hyun Kim, Misun Yun; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1089-1097. Published online December 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00188-z

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Two Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-hemolytic, coccoid-shaped bacterial strains, designated MS01(T) and MS02, were isolated from cabbage watery kimchi in the Republic of Korea. Cellular growth occurred at 5-25 ℃ (optimum, 20 ℃), pH 5-8 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0-5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1%). Results of 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analyses showed that strains MS01(T) and MS02 shared identical sequences, clustered within the Leuconostoc clade in phylogenetic trees, and were most closely related to Leuconostoc inhae IH003(T) and Leuconostoc gasicomitatum LMG 18811(T) with sequence similarities of 98.74%. The complete whole-genome sequences of strains MS01(T) and MS02 measured 2.04-2.06 Mbp and harbored a 50.6 kb plasmid, with DNA G + C contents of 37.7% for both. Based on average nucleotide identities (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values, both strains were confirmed to belong to the same species but showed ≤ 85.9% ANI and ≤ 29.9% dDDH values to other Leuconostoc species, indicating that they represent a novel species. Metabolic pathway reconstruction revealed that both strains perform heterolactic acid fermentation, producing lactate, acetate, and ethanol. Chemotaxonomic analyses, including cellular fatty acids, polar lipids, and peptidoglycan amino acid, confirmed the inclusion of both strains within the genus Leuconostoc. Based on the phylogenetic, genomic, and phenotypic characterization, strains MS01(T) and MS02 were considered to represent a novel species within the genus Leuconostoc, for which the name Leuconostoc aquikimchii sp. nov. is proposed with MS01(T) (= KACC 23748(T) = JCM 37028(T)) as the type strain.

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Validation List no. 224. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Characterization and Comparative Genomic Analysis of vB_BceM_CEP1: A Novel Temperate Bacteriophage Infecting Burkholderia cepacia Complex: Momen Askoura, Eslam K Fahmy, Safya E Esmaeel, Wael A H Hegazy, Aliaa Abdelghafar; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(11):1035-1055. Published online November 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00185-2

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The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria imminently threatens public health and jeopardizes nearly all aspects of modern medicine. The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) comprises Burkholderia cepacia and the related species of Gram-negative bacteria. Members of the Bcc group are opportunistic pathogens responsible for various chronic illnesses, including cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. Phage therapy is emerging as a potential solution to combat the antimicrobial resistance crisis. In this study, a temperate phage vB_BceM_CEP1 was isolated from sewage and fully characterized. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that vB_BceM_CEP1 belongs to the family Peduoviridae. The isolated phage demonstrated enhanced environmental stability and antibiofilm potential. One-step growth analysis revealed a latent period of 30 min and an average burst size of 139 plaque-forming units per cell. The genome of vB_BceM_CEP1 consists of 32,486 bp with a GC content of 62.05%. A total of 40 open reading frames were annotated in the phage genome, and none of the predicted genes was annotated as tRNA. Notably, genes associated with antibiotic resistance, host virulence factors, and toxins were absent from the vB_BceM_CEP1 genome. Based on its unique phenotype and phylogeny, the isolated phage vB_BceM_CEP1 is classified as a new temperate phage with lytic activity. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the diversity of Bcc phages.

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Bacteriophage therapy to combat MDR non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections: recent progress and challenges
Sunil Kumar, Razique Anwer, Anil Sharma, Mukesh Yadav, Nirmala Sehrawat
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.2025; 398(11): 15037. CrossRef

Congregibacter variabilis sp. nov. and Congregibacter brevis sp. nov. Within the OM60/NOR5 Clade, Isolated from Seawater, and Emended Description of the Genus Congregibacter: Hyeonsu Tak, Miri S Park, Hyerim Cho, Yeonjung Lim, Jang-Cheon Cho; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(9):739-748. Published online July 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00158-5

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Two Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by means of flagella, short rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated IMCC43200(T) and IMCC45268(T), were isolated from coastal seawater samples collected from the South Sea of Korea. Strains IMCC43200(T) and IMCC45268(T) shared 98.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and were closely related to Congregibacter litoralis KT71(T) (98.8% and 98.7%, respectively). Complete whole-genome sequences of IMCC43200(T) and IMCC45268(T) were 3.93 and 3.86 Mb in size with DNA G + C contents of 54.8% and 54.2%, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two strains were 74.5% and 23.4%, respectively, revealing that they are independent species. The two strains showed ANI values of ≤ 75.8% and dDDH values of ≤ 23.0% to the type and only species of the genus Congregibacter (C. litoralis), indicating that each strain represents a novel species. Both strains contained summed feature 3 (comprising C(16:1) ω6c and/or C(16:1) ω7c) and summed feature 8 (comprising C(18:1) ω6c and/or C(18:1) ω7c) as major fatty acid constituents. The predominant isoprenoid quinone detected in both strains was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids of the two strains were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospholipids, and aminolipids. Based on the phylogenetic, genomic, and phenotypic characterization, strains IMCC43200(T) and IMCC45268(T) were considered to represent two novel species within the genus Congregibacter, for which the names Congregibacter variabilis sp. nov. and Congregibacter brevis sp. nov. are proposed with IMCC43200(T) (= KCTC 8133(T) = NBRC 116295(T) = CCTCC AB 2023139(T)) and IMCC45268(T) (= KCTC 92921(T) = NBRC 116135(T)) as the type strains, respectively.

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Validation List no. 223. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Phycobium rhodophyticola gen. nov., sp. nov. and Aliiphycobium algicola gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the phycosphere of marine red algae
Jeong Min Kim, Woonhee Baek, Byeong Jun Choi, Hülya Bayburt, Jae Kyeong Lee, Sung Chul Lee, Che Ok Jeon
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(6): e2503014. CrossRef
Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM. List of Changes in Taxonomic Opinion no. 42
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Rubrivirga aquatilis sp. nov. and Rubrivirga halophila sp. nov., isolated from Korean coastal surface seawater
Jisoo Han, Yeonjung Lim, Mirae Kim, Jang-Cheon Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(8): e2504017. CrossRef
Leuconostoc aquikimchii sp. nov., a Lactic Acid Bacterium Isolated from Cabbage Watery Kimchi
Subin Kim, Se Hee Lee, Ki Hyun Kim, Misun Yun
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(12): 1089. CrossRef

Enterococcus Phage vB_EfaS_HEf13 as an Anti-Biofilm Agent Against Enterococcus faecalis: Dongwook Lee, Jintaek Im, A Reum Kim, Woohyung Jun, Cheol-Heui Yun, Seung Hyun Han; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(8):683-693. Published online June 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00150-z

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Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is frequently found in the periapical lesion of patients with apical periodontitis. Its biofilm formation in root canal is closely related to the development of refractory apical periodontitis by providing increased resistance to endodontic treatments. Phage therapy has recently been considered as an efficient therapeutic strategy in controlling various periodontal pathogens. We previously demonstrated the bactericidal capacities of Enterococcus phage vB_EfaS_HEf13 (phage HEf13) against clinically-isolated E. faecalis strains. Here, we investigated whether phage HEf13 affects biofilm formation and pre-formed biofilm of clinically-isolated E. faecalis, and its combinatory effect with endodontic treatments, including chlorhexidine (CHX) and penicillin. The phage HEf13 inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted pre-formed biofilms of E. faecalis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Interestingly, phage HEf13 destroyed E. faecalis biofilm exopolysaccharide (EPS), which is known to be a major component of bacterial biofilm. Furthermore, combined treatment of phage HEf13 with CHX or penicillin more potently inhibited biofilm formation and disrupted pre-formed biofilm than either treatment alone. Confocal laser scanning microscopic examination demonstrated that these additive effects of the combination treatments on disruption of pre-formed biofilm are mediated by relatively enhanced reduction in thickness distribution and biomass of biofilm. Collectively, our results suggest that the effect of phage HEf13 on E. faecalis biofilm is mediated by its EPS-degrading property, and its combination with endodontic treatments more potently suppresses E. faecalis biofilm, implying that phage HEf13 has potential to be used as a combination therapy against E. faecalis infections.

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Size-dependent ecotoxicological impacts of tire wear particles on zebrafish physiology and gut microbiota: Implications for aquatic ecosystem health
Yun Zhang, Qianqian Song, Qingxuan Meng, Tianyu Zhao, Xiaolong Wang, Xinrui Meng, Jing Cong
Journal of Hazardous Materials.2025; 487: 137215. CrossRef

Review

Reverse Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Review: Chiranjib Chakraborty, Manojit Bhattacharya, Md Aminul Islam, Hatem Zayed, Elijah Ige Ohimain, Sang-Soo Lee, Prosun Bhattacharya, Kuldeep Dhama; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(5):337-354. Published online May 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00138-9

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Reverse zoonosis reveals the process of transmission of a pathogen through the human-animal interface and the spillback of the zoonotic pathogen. In this article, we methodically demonstrate various aspects of reverse zoonosis, with a comprehensive discussion of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV reverse zoonosis. First, different components of reverse zoonosis, such as humans, different pathogens, and numerous animals (poultry, livestock, pets, wild animals, and zoo animals), have been demonstrated. Second, it explains the present status of reverse zoonosis with different pathogens during previous occurrences of various outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. Here, we present 25 examples from literature. Third, using several examples, we comprehensively illustrate the present status of the reverse zoonosis of SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. Here, we have provided 17 examples of SARS-CoV-2 reverse zoonosis and two examples of MPXV reverse zoonosis. Fourth, we have described two significant aspects of reverse zoonosis: understanding the fundamental aspects of spillback and awareness. These two aspects are required to prevent reverse zoonosis from the current infection with two significant viruses. Finally, the One Health approach was discussed vividly, where we urge scientists from different areas to work collaboratively to solve the issue of reverse zoonosis.

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Phylogenetic analyses of the spread of Clade I MPOX in African and non-African nations
Chiranjib Chakraborty, Manojit Bhattacharya, Arpita Das, Ali S. Abdelhameed
Virus Genes.2025; 61(3): 265. CrossRef
Efficient and modular reverse genetics system for rapid generation of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(7): e2504015. CrossRef
Real-time malaria detection in the Amazon rainforest via drone-collected eDNA and portable qPCR
Yin Cheong Aden Ip, Luca Montemartini, Jia Jin Marc Chang, Andrea Desiderato, Nicolás D. Franco-Sierra, Christian Geckeler, Mailyn Adriana Gonzalez Herrera, Michele Gregorini, Meret Jucker, Steffen Kirchgeorg, Martina Lüthi, Elvira Mächler, Frederik Bendi
One Health.2025; 21: 101167. CrossRef
Development of a multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection of monkeypox virus clades I, II, and goatpox virus
Yongqiang Lin, Zijing Guo, Jinsong Chen, Xianwen Zhang, Long Zhou, Yanmin Li, Zhidong Zhang
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Journal Articles

Medium Chain Length Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Engineered Pseudomonas gessardii Using Acetate-formate as Carbon Sources: Woo Young Kim, Seung-Jin Kim, Hye-Rin Seo, Yoonyong Yang, Jong Seok Lee, Moonsuk Hur, Byoung-Hee Lee, Jong-Geol Kim, Min-Kyu Oh; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(7):569-579. Published online May 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00136-x

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Production of medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) was attempted using Pseudomonas gessardii NIBRBAC000509957, which was isolated from Sunchang, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea (35°24'27.7"N, 127°09'13.0"E) and effectively utilized acetate and formate as carbon sources. We first evaluated the utilization of acetate as a carbon source, revealing optimal growth at 5 g/L acetate. Then, formate was supplied to the acetate minimal medium as a carbon source to enhance cell growth. After overexpressing the acetate and formate assimilation pathway enzymes, this strain grew at a significantly higher rate in the medium. As this strain naturally produces PHA, it was further engineered metabolically to enhance mcl-PHA production. The engineered strain produced 0.40 g/L of mcl-PHA with a biomass content of 30.43% in fed-batch fermentation. Overall, this strain can be further developed to convert acetate and formate into valuable products.

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Formate-driven photoautotrophic growth and biopolymer storage in anaerobic purple bacteria
Mohammad Adib Ghazali Abdul Rahman, Bronwyn Laycock, Steven Pratt, Damien J. Batstone
Bioresource Technology.2025; 434: 132753. CrossRef
Sulphide and oleic acid synergism in accelerating mcl-PHA biopolymer production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCC 5300 by modulating electron transport system
Raghavendra Paduvari, Divyashree Somashekara
Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports.2025; 44: 102286. CrossRef
Unlocking efficient polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Gram-positive Priestia megaterium using waste-derived feedstocks
Xinyi Bai, Libo Xu, Kang Li, Guangbao Zhang, Mengjun Zhang, Yi Huang
Microbial Cell Factories.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Selective utilization of formic acid and acetic acid in succinic acid fermentation broth to produce single-cell protein using Rhodotorula glutinis
Fuqiang Liu, Pengfei Wu, Lin Yu, Zitu Lü, Xinying Sun, Jiaxin Li, Lei Liu, Jing Wu, Jianan Zhang
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Effects of Light and Dark Conditions on the Transcriptome of Aging Cultures of Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum IMCC1322: Ji Hyen Lee, Hyun-Myung Oh; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(4):297-314. Published online April 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00125-0

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To elucidate the function of proteorhodopsin in Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum strain IMCC1322, a cultivated representative of SAR116, we produced RNA-seq data under laboratory conditions. We examined the transcriptomes of six different cultures, including sets of expression changes under constant dark (DD), constant light (LL), and diel-cycled (LD; 14 h light: 10 h dark) conditions at the exponential and stationary/death phases. Prepared mRNA extracted from the six samples was analyzed on the Solexa Genome Analyzer with 36 cycles. Differentially expressed genes on the IMCC1322 genome were distinguished as four clusters by K-mean clustering and each CDS (n = 2546) was annotated based on the KEGG BRITE hierarchy. Cluster 0 (n = 1573) covered most constitutive genes including proteorhodopsin, retinoids, and glycolysis/TCA cycle. Cluster 1 genes (n = 754) were upregulated in stationary/death phase under constant dark conditions and included genes associated with bacterial defense, membrane transporters, nitrogen metabolism, and senescence signaling. Cluster 2 genes (n = 197) demonstrated upregulation in exponential phase cultures and included genes involved in genes for oxidative phosphorylation, translation factors, and transcription machinery. Cluster 3 (n = 22) contained light-stimulated upregulated genes expressed under stationary/phases. Stringent response genes belonged to cluster 2, but affected genes spanned various cellular processes such as amino acids, nucleotides, translation, transcription, glycolysis, fatty acids, and cell wall components. The coordinated expression of antagonistic stringent genes, including mazG, ppx/gppA, and spoT/relA may provide insight into the controlled cultural response observed between constant light and constant dark conditions in IMCC1322 cultures, regardless of cell numbers and biomass.

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Culture-supported ecophysiology of the SAR116 clade demonstrates metabolic and spatial niche partitioning
Jordan T Coelho, Lauren Teubner, Michael W Henson, V Celeste Lanclos, Conner Y Kojima, J Cameron Thrash
The ISME Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Light Regime on Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum IMCC1322 in Nutrient-Replete Conditions
Hyun-Myung Oh, Ji Hyen Lee, Ahyoung Choi, Sung-Hyun Yang, Gyung-Hoon Shin, Sung Gyun Kang, Jang-Cheon Cho, Hak Jun Kim, Kae-Kyoung Kwon
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Syntaxin17 Restores Lysosomal Function and Inhibits Pyroptosis Caused by Acinetobacter baumannii: Zhiyuan An, Wenyi Ding; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(4):315-325. Published online March 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00109-0

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Abstract PDF: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) causes autophagy flux disorder by degrading STX17, resulting in a serious inflammatory response. It remains unclear whether STX17 can alter the inflammatory response process by controlling autolysosome function. This study aimed to explore the role of STX17 in the regulation of pyroptosis induced by A. baumannii. Our findings indicate that overexpression of STX17 enhances autophagosome degradation, increases LAMP1 expression, reduces Cathepsin B release, and improves lysosomal function. Conversely, knockdown of STX17 suppresses autophagosome degradation, reduces LAMP1 expression, augments Cathepsin B release, and accelerates lysosomal dysfunction. In instances of A. baumannii infection, overexpression of STX17 was found to improve lysosomal function and reduce the expression of mature of GSDMD and IL-1β, along with the release of LDH, thus inhibiting pyroptosis caused by A. baumannii. Conversely, knockdown of STX17 led to increased lysosomal dysfunction and further enhanced the expression of mature of GSDMD and IL-1β, and increased the release of LDH, exacerbating pyroptosis induced by A. baumannii. These findings suggest that STX17 regulates pyroptosis induced by A. baumannii by modulating lysosomal function.

Saxibacter everestensis gen. nov., sp. nov., A Novel Member of the Family Brevibacteriaceae, Isolated from the North Slope of Mount Everest: Mao Tian, Shiyu Wu, Wei Zhang, Gaosen Zhang, Xue Yu, Yujie Wu, Puchao Jia, Binglin Zhang, Tuo Chen, Guangxiu Liu; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(4):277-284. Published online March 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00108-1

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Abstract PDF: We isolated and analyzed a novel, Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile actinobacterium, designated as strain ZFBP1038(T), from rock sampled on the north slope of Mount Everest. The growth requirements of this strain were 10-37 °C, pH 4-10, and 0-6% (w/v) NaCl. The sole respiratory quinone was MK-9, and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C(15:0) and iso-C(17:0). Peptidoglycan containing meso-diaminopimelic acid, ribose, and glucose were the major cell wall sugars, while polar lipids included diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl glycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, and an unidentified glycolipid. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain ZFBP1038(T) has the highest similarity with Spelaeicoccus albus DSM 26341( T) (96.02%). ZFBP1038(T) formed a distinct monophyletic clade within the family Brevibacteriaceae and was distantly related to the genus Spelaeicoccus. The G + C content of strain ZFBP1038(T) was 63.65 mol% and the genome size was 4.05 Mb. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity, and average amino acid identity values between the genomes of strain ZFBP1038(T) and representative reference strains were 19.3-25.2, 68.0-71.0, and 52.8-60.1%, respectively. Phylogenetic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics as well as comparative genome analyses suggested that strain ZFBP1038(T) represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Saxibacter gen. nov., sp. nov. was assigned with the type strain Saxibacter everestensis ZFBP1038(T) (= EE 014( T) = GDMCC 1.3024( T) = JCM 35335( T)).

Biosynthesis of Chryseno[2,1,c]oxepin‑12‑Carboxylic Acid from Glycyrrhizic Acid in Aspergillus terreus TMZ05‑2, and Analysis of Its Anti‑inflammatory Activity: Liangliang Chen , Lin Zhao , Ju Han , Ping Xiao , Mingzhe Zhao , Sen Zhang , Jinao Duan; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(2):113-124. Published online February 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00105-4

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Glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, and their oxo, ester, lactone, and other derivatives, are known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and hypoglycemic pharmacological activities. In this study, chryseno[2,1-c]oxepin-12-carboxylic acid (MG) was first biosynthesized from glycyrrhizic acid through sequential hydrolysis, oxidation, and esterification using Aspergillus terreus TMZ05-2, providing a novel in vitro biosynthetic pathway for glycyrrhizic acid derivatives. Assessing the influence of fermentation conditions and variation of strains during culture under stress-induction strategies enhanced the final molar yield to 88.3% (5 g/L glycyrrhizic acid). CCK8 assays showed no cytotoxicity and good cell proliferation, and anti-inflammatory experiments demonstrated strong inhibition of NO release (36.3%, low-dose MG vs. model), transcriptional downregulation of classical effective cellular factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; 72.2%, low-dose MG vs. model), interleukin-6 (IL-6; 58.3%, low-dose MG vs. model) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β; 76.4%, low-dose MG vs. model), and decreased abundance of P-IKK-α, P-IKB-α, and P-P65 proteins, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses through the NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The findings provide a reference for the biosynthesis of lactone compounds from medicinal plants.

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Effect of different crosslinking agents on carboxymethyl chitosan-glycyrrhizic acid hydrogel: Characterization and biological activities comparison
Yinbing Wu, Zimin Gu, Tingting Chen, Duntao Zu, Yuhui Gan, Honglin Chen, Jianni Yang, Xin Yu, Huaihong Cai, Pinghua Sun, Jianying Ning, Haibo Zhou, Junxia Zheng
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 298: 139977. CrossRef
New oxepin and dihydrobenzofuran derivatives from Bauhinia saccocalyx roots and their anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antioxidant activities
Lueacha Tabtimmai, Thanyathon Phonchan, Natrinee Thongprik, Sutin Kaennakam, Nuttapon Yodsin, Kiattawee Choowongkomon, Chanikan Sonklin, Supachai Jadsadajerm, Awat Wisetsai
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Ju Han, Jingru Ma, Ruiqi He, Fan Yang, Jingyi Meng, Jiaqi Liu, Fanxing Shi, Jinao Duan, Liangliang Chen, Sen Zhang
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[Protocol] Use of Cas9 Targeting and Red Recombination for Designer Phage Engineering: Shin-Yae Choi , Danitza Xiomara Romero-Calle , Han-Gyu Cho , Hee-Won Bae , You-Hee Cho; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(1):1-10. Published online February 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00107-2

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Bacteriophages (phages) are natural antibiotics and biological nanoparticles, whose application is significantly boosted by recent advances of synthetic biology tools. Designer phages are synthetic phages created by genome engineering in a way to increase the benefits or decrease the drawbacks of natural phages. Here we report the development of a straightforward genome engineering method to efficiently obtain engineered phages in a model bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This was achieved by eliminating the wild type phages based on the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and facilitating the recombinant generation based on the Red recombination system of the coliphage λ (λRed). The producer (PD) cells of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 was created by miniTn7-based chromosomal integration of the genes for SpCas9 and λRed under an inducible promoter. To validate the efficiency of the recombinant generation, we created the fluorescent phages from a temperate phage MP29. A plasmid bearing the single guide RNA (sgRNA) gene for selectively targeting the wild type gp35 gene and the editing template for tagging the Gp35 with superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) was introduced into the PD cells by electroporation. We found that the targeting efficiency was affected by the position and number of sgRNA. The fluorescent phage particles were efficiently recovered from the culture of the PD cells expressing dual sgRNA molecules. This protocol can be used to create designer phages in P. aeruginosa for both application and research purposes.

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Pilin regions that select for the small RNA phages in Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pilus
Hee-Won Bae, Hyeong-Jun Ki, Shin-Yae Choi, You-Hee Cho, Kristin N. Parent
Journal of Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Synthetic and Functional Engineering of Bacteriophages: Approaches for Tailored Bactericidal, Diagnostic, and Delivery Platforms
Ola Alessa, Yoshifumi Aiba, Mahmoud Arbaah, Yuya Hidaka, Shinya Watanabe, Kazuhiko Miyanaga, Dhammika Leshan Wannigama, Longzhu Cui
Molecules.2025; 30(15): 3132. CrossRef
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Yiming Yang, Liu Yang, Xiaoyan Hu, Zhenxing Shen
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Airborne desert dust and aeromicrobiology over the Turkish Mediterranean coastline
Dale W. Griffin, Nilgün Kubilay, Mustafa Koçak, Mike A. Gray, Timothy C. Borden, Eugene A. Shinn
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Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Flagellar‑Associated Genes in Salmonella Typhimurium and Its rnc Mutant: Seungmok Han , Ji-Won Byun , Minho Lee; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(1):33-48. Published online January 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00099-5

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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a globally recognized foodborne pathogen that affects both animals and humans. Endoribonucleases mediate RNA processing and degradation in the adaptation of bacteria to environmental changes and have been linked to the pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium. Not much is known about the specific regulatory mechanisms of these enzymes in S. Typhimurium, particularly in the context of environmental adaptation. Thus, this study carried out a comparative transcriptomic analysis of wild-type S. Typhimurium SL1344 and its mutant (Δrnc), which lacks the rnc gene encoding RNase III, thereby elucidating the detailed regulatory characteristics that can be attributed to the rnc gene. Global gene expression analysis revealed that the Δrnc strain exhibited 410 upregulated and 301 downregulated genes (fold-change > 1.5 and p < 0.05), as compared to the wild-type strain. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis indicated that these differentially expressed genes are involved in various physiological functions, in both the wild-type and Δrnc strains. This study provides evidence for the critical role of RNase III as a general positive regulator of flagellar-associated genes and its involvement in the pathogenicity of S. Typhimurium.

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CspA regulates stress resistance, flagellar motility and biofilm formation in Salmonella Enteritidis
Xiang Li, Yan Cui, Xiaohui Sun, Chunlei Shi, Shoukui He, Xianming Shi
Food Bioscience.2025; 66: 106237. CrossRef
The dual functions of the GTPase BipA in ribosome assembly and surface structure biogenesis in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium
Eunsil Choi, Eunwoo Ryu, Donghwee Kim, Ji-Won Byun, Kahyun Kim, Minho Lee, Jihwan Hwang, Samuel Wagner
PLOS Pathogens.2025; 21(4): e1013047. CrossRef
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Huixue Hu, Jingguo Xu, Jingyu Chen, Chao Tang, Tianhao Zhou, Jun Wang, Zhuangli Kang
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Structural and Functional Analyses of the Flavoprotein Disulfide Reductase FN0820 of Fusobacterium nucleatum: Hyunwoo Shin , Yeongjin Baek , Dukwon Lee , Yongbin Xu , Yonghoon Kwon , Inseong Jo , Nam-Chul Ha; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(12):1033-1041. Published online December 20, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00095-9

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Escherichia coli RclA and Staphylococcus aureus MerA are part of the Group I flavoprotein disulfide reductase (FDR) family and have been implicated in the contribution to bacterial pathogenesis by defending against the host immune response. Fusobacterium nucleatum is a pathogenic, anaerobic Gram-negative bacterial species commonly found in the human oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we discovered that the F. nucleatum protein FN0820, belonging to the Group I FDR family, exhibited a higher activity of a Cu2+- dependent NADH oxidase than E. coli RclA. Moreover, FN0820 decreased the dissolved oxygen level in the solution with higher NADH oxidase activity. We found that L-tryptophan and its analog 5-hydroxytryptophan inhibit the FN0820 activities of NADH oxidase and the concomitant reduction of oxygen. Our results have implications for developing new treatment strategies against pathogens that defend the host immune response with Group I FDRs.

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The role of metals in hypothiocyanite resistance in Escherichia coli
Michael J. Gray, Laurie E. Comstock
Journal of Bacteriology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

A Method for Physical Analysis of Recombination Intermediates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Kiwon Rhee , Hyungseok Choi , Keun P. Kim , Jeong H. Joo; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(11):939-951. Published online December 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00094-w

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Meiosis is a process through which diploid cells divide into haploid cells, thus promoting genetic diversity. This diversity arises from the formation of genetic crossovers (COs) that repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), through homologous recombination (HR). Deficiencies in HR can lead to chromosomal abnormality resulting from chromosomal nondisjunction, and genetic disorders. Therefore, investigating the mechanisms underlying effective HR is crucial for reducing genome instability. Budding yeast serves as an ideal model for studying HR mechanisms due to its amenability to gene modifications and the ease of inducing synchronized meiosis to yield four spores. During meiosis, at the DNA level, programmed DSBs are repaired as COs or non-crossovers (NCOs) through structural alterations in the nascent D-loop, involving single-end invasions (SEIs) and double-Holliday junctions (dHJs). This repair occurs using homologous templates rather than sister templates. This protocol, using Southern blotting, allows for the analysis and monitoring of changes in DNA structures in the recombination process. One-dimensional (1D) gel electrophoresis is employed to detect DSBs, COs, and NCOs, while twodimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis is utilized to identify joint molecules (JMs). Therefore, physical analysis is considered the most effective method for investigating the HR mechanism. Our protocol provides more comprehensive information than previous reports by introducing conditions for obtaining a greater number of cells from synchronized yeast and a method that can analyze not only meiotic/mitotic recombination but also mitotic replication.

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Recombination-coupled DNA synthesis facilitates post-invasion steps in meiotic crossover and noncrossover formations
Hyungseok Choi, Jun Seo Lee, Jeong H Joo, Soogene Lee, Keun P Kim
Nucleic Acids Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

The β‑Lactamase Activity at the Community Level Confers β‑Lactam Resistance to Bloom‑Forming Microcystis aeruginosa Ce: Yerim Park , Wonjae Kim , Minkyung Kim , Woojun Park; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(9):807-820. Published online October 18, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00082-0

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Many freshwater cyanobacteria, including Microcystis aeruginosa, lack several known antibiotic resistance genes; however, both axenic and xenic M. aeruginosa strains exhibited high antibiotic resistance against many antibiotics under our tested concentrations, including colistin, trimethoprim, and kanamycin. Interestingly, axenic PCC7806, although not the xenic NIBR18 and NIBR452 strains, displayed susceptibility to ampicillin and amoxicillin, indicating that the associated bacteria in the phycosphere could confer such antibiotic resistance to xenic strains. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic observations revealed their tight association, leading to possible community-level β-lactamase activity. Combinatory treatment of ampicillin with a β-lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam, abolished the ampicillin resistance in the xenic stains. The nitrocefin-based assay confirmed the presence of significant community-level β-lactamase activity. Our tested low ampicillin concentration and high β-lactamase activity could potentially balance the competitive advantage of these dominant species and provide opportunities for the less competitive species, thereby resulting in higher bacterial diversity under ampicillin treatment conditions. Non-PCR-based metagenome data from xenic NIBR18 cultures revealed the dominance of blaOXArelated antibiotic resistance genes followed by other class A β-lactamase genes (AST-1 and FAR-1). Alleviation of ampicillin toxicity could be observed only in axenic PCC7806, which had been cocultured with β-lactamase from other freshwater bacteria. Our study suggested M. aeruginosa develops resistance to old-class β-lactam antibiotics through altruism, where associated bacteria protect axenic M. aeruginosa cells.

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Yerim Park, Wonjae Kim, Jihye Bae, Woojun Park
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Seonah Jeong, Ve Van Le, So-Ra Ko, Mingyeong Kang, Min-Seong Kim, Zhun Li, Chi-Yong Ahn
Algal Research.2025; 90: 104165. CrossRef
Sustainable control of Microcystis aeruginosa, a harmful cyanobacterium, using Selaginella tamariscina extracts
Wonjae Kim, Yerim Park, Minkyung Kim, Yeji Cha, Jaejoon Jung, Che Ok Jeon, Woojun Park
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Mingyeong Kang, Dong-Kyun Kim, Ve Van Le, So-Ra Ko, Jay Jung Lee, In-Chan Choi, Yuna Shin, Kyunghyun Kim, Chi-Yong Ahn
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Aabir Banerji, Nichole E. Brinkman, Benjamin Davis, Alison Franklin, Michael Jahne, Scott P. Keely
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Minkyung Kim, Jaejoon Jung, Wonjae Kim, Yerim Park, Che Ok Jeon, Woojun Park
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(11): 933. CrossRef
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus KBL2290 Ameliorates Gut Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Dextran Sulfate Sodium‑Induced Colitis: Woon-ki Kim , Sung-gyu Min , Heeun Kwon , SungJun Park , Min Jung Jo , GwangPyo Ko; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(7):673-682. Published online June 14, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00061-5

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Ulcerative colitis, a major form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associated with chronic colonic inflammation, may be induced via overreactive innate and adaptive immune responses. Restoration of gut microbiota abundance and diversity is important to control the pathogenesis. Lactobacillus spp., well-known probiotics, ameliorate IBD symptoms via various mechanisms, including modulation of cytokine production, restoration of gut tight junction activity and normal mucosal thickness, and alterations in the gut microbiota. Here, we studied the effects of oral administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) KBL2290 from the feces of a healthy Korean individual to mice with DSS-induced colitis. Compared to the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) + phosphate-buffered saline control group, the DSS + L. rhamnosus KBL2290 group evidenced significant improvements in colitis symptoms, including restoration of body weight and colon length, and decreases in the disease activity and histological scores, particularly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an elevated level of anti-inflammatory interleukin-10. Lactobacillus rhamnosus KBL2290 modulated the levels of mRNAs encoding chemokines and markers of inflammation; increased regulatory T cell numbers; and restored tight junction activity in the mouse colon. The relative abundances of genera Akkermansia, Lactococcus, Bilophila, and Prevotella increased significantly, as did the levels of butyrate and propionate (the major short-chain fatty acids). Therefore, oral L. rhamnosus KBL2290 may be a useful novel probiotic.

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Dietary supplementation with proanthocyanidins and rutin alleviates the symptoms of type 2 diabetes mice and regulates gut microbiota
Yue Gao, Binbin Huang, Yunyi Qin, Bing Qiao, Mengfei Ren, Liqing Cao, Yan Zhang, Maozhen Han
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Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus G7 alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating the intestinal microbiota
Jianlong Lao, Man Chen, Shuping Yan, Han Gong, Zhaohai Wen, Yanhong Yong, Dan Jia, Shuting Lv, Wenli Zou, Junmei Li, Huiming Tan, Hong Yin, Xiangying Kong, Zengyuan Liu, Fucheng Guo, Xianghong Ju, Youquan Li
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus MP108 alleviates ulcerative colitis in mice by enhancing the intestinal barrier, inhibiting inflammation, and modulating gut microbiota
Huizhen Li, Yang Chen, Huiting Fang, Xinmei Guo, Xuecong Liu, Jianxin Zhao, Wei Chen, Bo Yang
Food Science and Human Wellness.2025; 14(6): 9250139. CrossRef
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Eirini Filidou, Leonidas Kandilogiannakis, Anne Shrewsbury, George Kolios, Katerina Kotzampassi
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 30(15): 2096. CrossRef
Synergistic effects of probiotics with soy protein alleviate ulcerative colitis by repairing the intestinal barrier and regulating intestinal flora
Rentang Zhao, Bingqing Shang, Luyan Sun, Suyuan Lv, Guolong Liu, Qiu Wu, Yue Geng
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Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum ABF21069 Ameliorate High Sucrose-Induced Obesity and Fatty Liver via Exopolysaccharide Production and β-oxidation
Yu Mi Jo, Yoon Ji Son, Seul-Ah Kim, Gyu Min Lee, Chang Won Ahn, Han-Oh Park, Ji-Hyun Yun
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Tn5 Transposon-based Mutagenesis for Engineering Phage-resistant Strains of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3): Yinfeng Wang , Guanhua Xuan , Houqi Ning , Jiuna Kong , Hong Lin , Jingxue Wang; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(5):559-569. Published online May 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00048-2

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Escherichia coli is a preferred strain for recombinant protein production, however, it is often plagued by phage infection during experimental studies and industrial fermentation. While the existing methods of obtaining phage-resistant strains by natural mutation are not efficient enough and time-consuming. Herein, a high-throughput method by combining Tn5 transposon mutation and phage screening was used to produce Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) phage-resistant strains. Mutant strains PR281-7, PR338-8, PR339-3, PR340-8, and PR347-9 were obtained, and they could effectively resist phage infection. Meanwhile, they had good growth ability, did not contain pseudolysogenic strains, and were controllable. The resultant phage-resistant strains maintained the capabilities of producing recombinant proteins since no difference in mCherry red fluorescent protein expression was found in phage-resistant strains. Comparative genomics showed that PR281-7, PR338-8, PR339-3, and PR340-8 mutated in ecpE, nohD, nrdR, and livM genes, respectively. In this work, a strategy was successfully developed to obtain phage-resistant strains with excellent protein expression characteristics by Tn5 transposon mutation. This study provides a new reference to solve the phage contamination problem.

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Establishment and improvement of genetic manipulation tools for Fusobacterium nucleatum
Zhiwei Guan, Hailong Wang, Qiang Feng
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Jae-Hyeong Kim, Dong-Hwi Kim, Kyu-Beom Lim, Joong-Bok Lee, Seung-Yong Park, Chang-Seon Song, Sang-Won Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Do-Geun Kim, Hun-Young Yoon, In-Soo Choi
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(5): e2501029. CrossRef

Comparison of Ganoderma boninense Isolate’s Aggressiveness Using Infected Oil Palm Seedlings: Mei Lieng Lo , Tu Anh Vu Thanh , Frazer Midot , Sharon Yu Ling Lau , Wei Chee Wong , Hun Jiat Tung , Mui Sie Jee , Mei-Yee Chin , Lulie Melling; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(4):449-459. Published online April 25, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00040-w

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Basal stem rot incidence caused by a white-rot fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is the major disease of oil palm in Southeast Asia. The rate of disease transmission and host damage are affected by variations in pathogen aggressiveness. Several other studies have used the disease severity index (DSI) to determine G. boninense aggressiveness levels while verifying disease using a culture-based method, which might not provide accurate results or be feasible in all cases. To differentiate G. boninense aggressiveness, we employed the DSI and vegetative growth measurement of infected oil palm seedlings. Disease confirmation was performed through scanning electron microscopy and molecular identification of fungal DNA from both infected tissue and fungi isolated from Ganoderma selective medium. Two-month-old oil palm seedlings were artificially inoculated with G. boninense isolates (2, 4A, 5A, 5B, and 7A) sampled from Miri (Lambir) and Mukah (Sungai Meris and Sungai Liuk), Sarawak. The isolates were categorized into three groups: highly aggressive (4A and 5B), moderately aggressive (5A and 7A), and less aggressive (2). Isolate 5B was identified as the most aggressive, and it was the only one to result in seedling mortality. Out of the five vegetative growth parameters measured, only the bole size between treatments was not affected. The integration of both conventional and molecular approaches in disease confirmation allows for precise detection.

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First Report of Ganoderma ryvardenii causing Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Ghana
Emmanuellah Lekete-Lawson, Grace C. van der Puije, Enoch A. Osekre, Frank K. Ackah
F1000Research.2025; 14: 413. CrossRef
Gene expression of transcripts encoding putative secreted proteins from an oil palm fungal pathogen Ganoderma boninense
Mui Sie Jee, Chai-Ling Ho, Mohd Termizi Yusof, Sharon Yu Ling Lau, Frazer Midot, Mei Lieng Lo, Mei-Yee Chin, Lulie Melling
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2025; 138: 102715. CrossRef
First Report of Ganoderma ryvardenii causing Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Ghana
Emmanuellah Lekete-Lawson, Grace C. van der Puije, Enoch A. Osekre, Frank K. Ackah
F1000Research.2025; 14: 413. CrossRef
A review update on Ganoderma species: etiology and management approaches
Pratibha Thakur, Sonali Khanal, Ashwani Tapwal, Neha Sharma, Poonam Chauhan, Tamanna Singh Thakur, Dinesh Kumar, Rachna Verma
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
An In-Depth Study of Phytopathogenic Ganoderma: Pathogenicity, Advanced Detection Techniques, Control Strategies, and Sustainable Management
Samantha C. Karunarathna, Nimesha M. Patabendige, Wenhua Lu, Suhail Asad, Kalani K. Hapuarachchi
Journal of Fungi.2024; 10(6): 414. CrossRef
Advancements in the nanodelivery of azole-based fungicides to control oil palm pathogenic fungi
Azren Aida Asmawi, Fatmawati Adam, Nurul Aini Mohd Azman, Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman
Heliyon.2024; 10(18): e37132. CrossRef
Characterizations of Ganoderma species causing basal stem rot disease in coconut tree
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Comparison of Conjunctival Sac Microbiome between Low and High Myopic Eyes: Kang Xiao , Zhengyu Chen , Qin Long; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(5):571-578. Published online April 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00045-5

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Microbial communities played a vital role in maintaining homeostasis of ocular surface. However, no studies explored the myopia-associated conjunctiva microbiota changes until now. In this study, conjunctival sac swab specimens were collected from 12 eyes of low myopia (LM), and 14 eyes of high myopia (HM) patients. The V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and then sequenced. Statistical analysis was performed to investigate differences in the taxonomy and diversity between two groups. Compared to LM, higher Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores were observed in HM group. The Shannon index of the HM was lower than that of the LM group (P = 0.017). Principle coordinate analysis and Partial Least Squares Discrimination Analysis showed distinct microbiome composition between two groups. At the phylum level, there were higher relative abundances of Proteobacteria (68.27% vs 38.51%) and lower abundances of Actinobacteria (3.71% vs 9.19%) in HM, compared to LM group (P = 0.031, 0.010, respectively). At the genus level, the abundances of Acinetobacter in HM (18.16%) were significantly higher than the LM (6.52%) group (P = 0.011). Actinobacteria levels were negatively correlated with the myopic spherical equivalent and OSDI scores. Moreover, positive correlations were found between Proteobacteria levels and OSDI scores, Acinetobacter levels were positively correlated with myopic spherical equivalent and OSDI scores. In conclusion, HM Patients have bacterial microbiota imbalance in the conjunctival sac, compared with LM patients. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acinetobacter may play roles in the HM associated ocular surface irritation.

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Harnessing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EP21 and its membrane vesicles to inhibit myopia development
Chi-Fong Lin, Yu-An Hsu, Yung-Lan Chou, Ying-Chi Chen, En-Shyh Lin, Peng-Tai Tien, Jamie jiin-Yi Chen, Ming-Yen Wu, Chia-Hung Lin, Hui-Ju Lin, Lei Wan
Gut Microbes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Gut Microbiota Profiles in Myopes and Nonmyopes
Wan E. W. Omar, Gurdeep Singh, Andrew J. McBain, Fiona Cruickshank, Hema Radhakrishnan
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science.2024; 65(5): 2. CrossRef

Silver Nanoparticles Modified with Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharide Improve Biocompatibility and Infected Wound Bacteriostasis: Ruonan Wang , Rongyu Li , Peng Zheng , Zicheng Yang , Cheng Qian , Zhou Wang , Senhe Qian; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(5):543-558. Published online April 13, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00042-8

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Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit strong antibacterial activity and do not easily induce drug resistance; however, the poor stability and biocompatibility in solution limit their widespread application. In this study, AgNPs were modified with Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharide (PSP) to synthesize PSP@AgNPs with good stability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity. When PSP@AgNP synthesis was performed under a reaction time of 70 min, a reaction temperature of 35 °C, and an AgNO3- to-PSP volume ratio of 1:1, the synthesized PSP@AgNPs were more regular and uniform than AgNPs, and their particle size was around 10 nm. PSP@AgNPs exhibited lower cytotoxicity and hemolysis, and stronger bacteriostatic activity. PSP@AgNPs damage the integrity and internal structure of cells, resulting in the leakage of intracellular nucleic acids and proteins. The rate of cell membrane damage in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus treated with PSP@ AgNPs increased by 38.52% and 43.75%, respectively, compared with that of AgNPs. PSP@AgNPs inhibit the activities of key enzymes related to antioxidant, energy and substance metabolism in cells. The inhibitory effects on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in E. coli and S. aureus cells were significantly higher than those of AgNPs. In addition, compared with AgNPs, PSP@AgNPs promote faster healing of infected wounds. Therefore, PSP@AgNPs represent potential antibacterial agents against wound infections.

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Fabrication of Highly Stable Polyurushiol-Decorated Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Anti-Microalgae Activities
Lu Zheng, Jide Zhu, Jipeng Chen, Yanlian Xu, Lilong Jiang
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Preparation, Structure, Function, and Application of Dietary Polysaccharides from Polygonatum sibiricum in the Food Industry: A Review
Peilin Li, Huimin Yao, Hao Yue, Jiali Huang, Qi Wang, Chuanbo Ding, Lina Ma, Xinglong Liu, Min Yang
Molecules.2025; 30(5): 1098. CrossRef
Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of the antimicrobial activity of phenoxyethanol against phylotype IA1 and II Cutibacterium acnes
Li Shao, Lizhuang Wang, Yan Li, Laiji Ma, Hong Jiang, Fei Liu, Shanshan Jiang, Tianming Bai, Suzhen Yang
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Extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activity, structure-activity relationship, and applications of polysaccharides derived from Polygonatum sibiricum: A review
Jiasu Wu, Chang Tan, Hongye Li, Siya Wang, Xingkui Wang, Shan Wang, Chong Ning, Weixuan Li, Chongting Guo
Trends in Food Science & Technology.2025; 161: 105038. CrossRef
Study on the structural characterization and biological activities of polysaccharides from Dictyophora rubrovolvata and its silver nanoparticles
Xiaonan Du, Junhui Wang, Li Gao, Jishun Zheng, Lei Zhang
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 328: 147632. CrossRef
Elucidating the effects of nine-steaming-nine-drying on the morphology, metabolomic profile, and active ingredients of Polygonatum sibiricum Redouté
Rui Wang, Ping Li, Siyao Chen, Jinchao Guo, Yongling Liu, Huizhen Shen, Siyu Wang, Haiyan Li
Frontiers in Food Science and Technology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Improving the biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles functionalized with (LLRR)3 antimicrobial peptide
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Jingjing Yao, Wanqing Yang, Liang Tang, Dicheng Yang, Yan Xu, Shenmin Zhu, Jun Zhu
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Enhancing Healing of Infected Wounds with Glycerin‐Modified Sodium Alginate/Silk Sericin Composite Film Functionalized with Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharide‐Capped Silver Nanoparticles
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Taiwo Scholes Adewole, Oladiran Boniface Oladokun, Adenike Kuku
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Research progress on medicinal components and pharmacological activities of polygonatum sibiricum
Ruilian Liu, Xili Zhang, Yuhan Cai, Shuang Xu, Qian Xu, Chengli Ling, Xin Li, Wenjiao Li, Pingan Liu, Wenlong Liu
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A comprehensive review on the potential applications of medicine Polygonatum species in the food sector
Mi Li, Bingzong Xie, Lewen Li, Yunge Zhang, Qingmin Chen, Jian Ju, Yanli Ma
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Those Nematode‑Trapping Fungi That are not Everywhere: Hints Towards Soil Microbial Biogeography: Wei Deng , Fa Zhang , Davide Fornacca , Xiao-Yan Yang , Wen Xiao; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(5):511-523. Published online April 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00043-7

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The existence of biogeography for microorganisms is a raising topic in ecology and researchers are employing better distinctions between single species, including the most rare ones, to reveal potential hidden patterns. An important volume of evidence supporting heterogeneous distributions for bacteria, archaea and protists is accumulating, and more recently a few efforts have targeted microscopic fungi. We propose an insight into this latter kingdom by looking at a group of soil nematode-trapping fungi whose species are well-known and easily recognizable. We chose a pure culture approach because of its reliable isolation procedures for this specific group. After morphologically and molecularly identifying all species collected from 2250 samples distributed in 228 locations across Yunnan province of China, we analyzed occurrence frequencies and mapped species, genera, and richness. Results showed an apparent cosmopolitan tendency for this group of fungi, including species richness among sites. However, only four species were widespread across the region, while nonrandom heterogeneous distributions were observed for the remaining 40 species, both in terms of statistical distribution of species richness reflected by a significant variance-to-mean ratio, as well as in terms of visually discernible spatial clusters of rare species and genera on the map. Moreover, several species were restricted to only one location, raising the question of whether endemicity exists for this microbial group. Finally, environmental heterogeneity showed a marginal contribution in explaining restricted distributions, suggesting that other factors such as geographical isolation and dispersal capabilities should be explored. These findings contribute to our understanding of the cryptic geographic distribution of microorganisms and encourage further research in this direction.

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Linking watershed formation with the phylogenetic distribution of a soil microscopic fungus in Yunnan Province, China
Davide Fornacca, Wei Deng, Yaoquan Yang, Fa Zhang, Xiaoyan Yang, Wen Xiao
BMC Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of Nuclear Dynamics in Nematode-Trapping Fungi Based on Fluorescent Protein Labeling
Liang Zhou, Zhiwei He, Keqin Zhang, Xin Wang
Journal of Fungi.2023; 9(12): 1183. CrossRef

Fungal Catastrophe of a Specimen Room: Just One Week is Enough to Eradicate Traces of Thousands of Animals: Ji Seon Kim , Yoonhee Cho , Chang Wan Seo , Ki Hyung Park , Shin Nam Yoo , Jun Won Lee , Sung Hyun Kim , Wonjun Lee , Young Woon Lim; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(2):189-197. Published online February 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00017-9

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Indoor fungi obtain carbon sources from natural sources and even recalcitrant biodegradable materials, such as plastics and synthetic dye. Their vigorous activity may have negative consequences, such as structural damage to building materials or the destruction of precious cultural materials. The animal specimen room of the Seoul National University stocked 36,000 animal resources that had been well-maintained for over 80 years. Due to abandonment without the management of temperature and humidity during the rainy summer season, many stuffed animal specimens had been heavily colonized by fungi. To investigate the fungal species responsible for the destruction of the historical specimens, we isolated fungi from the stuffed animal specimens and identified them at the species level based on morphology and molecular analysis of the β-tubulin (BenA) gene. A total of 365 strains were isolated and identified as 26 species in Aspergillus (10 spp.), Penicillium (14 spp.), and Talaromyces (2 spp.). Penicillium brocae and Aspergillus sydowii were isolated from most sections of the animal specimens and have damaged the feathers and beaks of valuable specimens. Our findings indicate that within a week of mismanagement, it takes only a few fungal species to wipe out the decades of history of animal diversity. The important lesson here is to prevent this catastrophe from occurring again through a continued interest, not to put all previous efforts to waste.

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Investigating the Role of Microclimate and Microorganisms in the Deterioration of Stone Heritage: The Case of Rupestrian Church from Jac, Romania
Dorina Camelia Ilieș, Andrei-Ionuț Apopei, Cristina Mircea, Alexandru Ilieș, Tudor Caciora, Berdenov Zharas, Lucian Barbu-Tudoran, Nicolaie Hodor, Alexandru Turza, Ana Cornelia Pereș, Thowayeb H. Hassan, Bahodirhon Safarov, Ioan-Cristian Noje
Applied Sciences.2024; 14(18): 8136. CrossRef
Fungal biodeterioration and preservation of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts: extremophily and adaptation
Geoffrey Michael Gadd, Marina Fomina, Flavia Pinzari, Mark D. Rose
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Physiological roles of catalases Cat1 and Cat2 in Myxococcus xanthus: Kimura Yoshio , Yuri Yoshioka , Kie Toshikuni; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(12):1168-1177. Published online October 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2277-7

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Catalases are key antioxidant enzymes in aerobic organisms. Myxococcus xanthus expresses two monofunctional catalases, small-subunit Cat1 and large-subunit Cat2. The Km of H2O2 for recombinant Cat1 and Cat2 were 14.0 and 9.0 mM, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of Cat2 (kcat/Km = 500 sec-1 mM-1) was 4-fold higher than that of Cat1. The activity ratio of Cat1 to Cat2 in the exponential growth phase of M. xanthus was 1 to 3–4. A Cat1-deficient strain was constructed, whereas a Cat2-deficient strain could not be produced. In H2O2-supplemented medium, the cat1 mutant exhibited marked growth retardation and a longer generation time than the wild-type (wt) strain. After 2 h of incubation in 0.5 mM H2O2-supplemented medium, the catalase activity of the wt strain significantly increased (by 64-fold), but that of the cat1 mutant strain did not. Under starvation-induced developmental conditions, catalase activity was induced by approximately 200-fold in both wt and cat1 strains, although in the mutant the activity increase as well as spore formation occurred one day later, indicating that the induction of catalase activity during starvation was due to Cat2. In wt starved cells, catalase activity was not induced by H2O2. These results suggest that Cat2 is the primary housekeeping catalase during M. xanthus growth and starvation-induced development, whereas Cat1 may have a complementary role, being responsible for the rapid degradation of H2O2 in proliferating vegetative cells subjected to oxidative stress.

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Global copper response of the soil bacterial predator Myxococcus xanthus and its contribution to antibiotic cross-resistance
Francisco Javier Marcos-Torres, Juana Pérez, David Torrens-González, Miguel Ángel García-Pedrosa, Francisco Javier Contreras-Moreno, Aurelio Moraleda-Muñoz
Microbiological Research.2026; 302: 128357. CrossRef
Glutathione Plays a Significant Role in the Growth, Oxidative Stress Response, and Sporulation in Myxococcus xanthus
Yoshio Kimura, Kie Toshikuni, Misaki Okada
Current Microbiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The APSES transcription factor Swi6B upregulates CATALASE 1 transcription to enhance oxidative stress tolerance of Ganoderma lucidum
Lingshuai Wang, Lingyan Shi, Shuhan Zhang, Jiping Ma, Cheng Zhang, Huhui Chen, Mingwen Zhao, Yvonne Nygård
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Aquatic Toxicology.2025; 284: 107402. CrossRef
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Jesus Manuel Antúnez Domínguez, Laura Pérez García, Natsuko Rivera-Yoshida, Jasmin Di Franco, David Steiner, Alejandro V. Arzola, Mariana Benítez, Charlotte Hamngren Blomqvist, Roberto Cerbino, Caroline Beck Adiels, Giovanni Volpe
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Microbial co-occurrence network in the rhizosphere microbiome: its association with physicochemical properties and soybean yield at a regional scale: Sarbjeet Niraula , Meaghan Rose , Woo-Suk Chang; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(10):986-997. Published online September 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2363-x

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Microbial communities in the rhizosphere play a crucial role in determining plant growth and crop yield. A few studies have been performed to evaluate the diversity and co-occurrence patterns of rhizosphere microbiomes in soybean (Glycine max) at a regional scale. Here, we used a culture-independent
method
to compare the bacterial communities of the soybean rhizosphere between Nebraska (NE), a high-yield state, and Oklahoma (OK), a low-yield state. It is well known that the rhizosphere microbiome is a subset of microbes that ultimately get colonized by microbial communities from the surrounding bulk soil. Therefore, we hypothesized that differences in the soybean yield are attributed to the variations in the rhizosphere microbes at taxonomic, functional, and community levels. In addition, soil physicochemical properties were also evaluated from each sampling site for comparative study. Our result showed that distinct clusters were formed between NE and OK in terms of their soil physicochemical property. Among 3 primary nutrients (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), potassium is more positively correlated with the high-yield state NE samples. We also attempted to identify keystone communities that significantly affected the soybean yield using co-occurrence network patterns. Network analysis revealed that communities formed distinct clusters in which members of modules having significantly positive correlations with the soybean yield were more abundant in NE than OK. In addition, we identified the most influential bacteria for the soybean yield in the identified modules. For instance, included are class Anaerolineae, family Micromonosporaceae, genus Plantomyces, and genus Nitrospira in the most complex module (ME9) and genus Rhizobium in ME23. This research would help to further identify a way to increase soybean yield in low-yield states in the U.S. as well as worldwide by reconstructing the microbial communities in the rhizosphere.

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Interaction of soil microbial communities with soil nutrients, enzymes activity, and allelopathic compounds in flue-cured tobacco continuous monocropping field
Yihong Pan, Tiyuan Xia, Qiulian Peng, Kun Huang, Lijuan Zhou, Guohuan Xiong
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology.2026; 141: 103032. CrossRef
Soybean productivity can be enhanced by understanding rhizosphere microbiota: evidence from metagenomics analysis from diverse agroecosystems
Honglei Ren, Huilong Hong, Bire Zha, Sobhi F. Lamlom, Hongmei Qiu, Yongqiang Cao, Rujian Sun, Haorang Wang, Junkui Ma, Hengbin Zhang, Liping Sun, Qing Yang, Changjun Zhou, Xiulin Liu, Xueyang Wang, Chunlei Zhang, Fengyi Zhang, Kezhen Zhao, Rongqiang Yuan,
Microbiome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of Bacterial Pustule Disease Occurrence on Bacterial and Fungal Communities Within Vegetable Soybean Plants
Choosak Khaengraeng, Wuttichai Mhuantong, Usawadee Chaiprom, Sawita Suwannarat, Nattakorn Kuncharoen, Nutjarin Haewou, Warapon Bunkoed, Tiyakhon Chatnaparat
Plant Pathology.2025; 74(5): 1228. CrossRef
A molecular conveyor belt-associated protein controls the rotational direction of the bacterial type 9 secretion system
Abhishek Trivedi, Jacob A. Miratsky, Emma C. Henderson, Abhishek Singharoy, Abhishek Shrivastava, Clay Fuqua
mBio.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Discontinuation of glacial meltwater input reshapes the diversity and stability of eukaryotic planktonic microbial communities in glacial lakes
Xiaodong Li, Qianggong Zhang, Peng Zhang, Qing Yang, Zijian Lu, Yanan Zhou, Meiqi Huang, Guangli Mu, Zhao Xue, Linyuan Lu, Yindong Tong
Environmental Research.2025; 286: 122785. CrossRef
Rice-microbiome-metabolite crosstalk: Deciphering the defence signatures of traditional rice landraces against blast (Magnaporthe oryzae)
R. Karan, M.K. Prasannakumar, N. Vamsidharreddy, J. Harish, H.B. Mahesh, C. Manjunatha, K.N. Pallavi, Pramesh Devanna, Selva babu Selvamani, Aditya Narayan Sarangi
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The rhizosphere microbiome of 51 potato cultivars with diverse plant growth characteristics
Benoit Renaud Martins, Viviane Radl, Krzysztof Treder, Dorota Michałowska, Karin Pritsch, Michael Schloter
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Response of Soil Microorganisms and Phenolic to Pseudostelariae heterophylla Cultivation in Different Soil Types
Yingying Liu, Dan Wu, Yongjun Kan, Li Zhao, Chang Jiang, Wensheng Pang, Juan Hu, Meilan Zhou
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Meiyan Jiang, Fei Yao, Yunshu Yang, Yang Zhou, Kai Hou, Yinyin Chen, Dongju Feng, Wei Wu
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Long-term fertilization coupled with rhizobium inoculation promotes soybean yield and alters soil bacterial community composition
Wanling Wei, Dawei Guan, Mingchao Ma, Xin Jiang, Fenliang Fan, Fangang Meng, Li Li, Baisuo Zhao, Yubin Zhao, Fengming Cao, Huijun Chen, Jun Li
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Yeast polyubiquitin unit regulates synaptonemal complex formation and recombination during meiosis: Min-Kyung Jo , Kiwon Rhee , Keun Pil Kim , Soogil Hong; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):705-714. Published online July 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2204-y

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Ubiquitin is highly conserved in most eukaryotes and involved in diverse physiological processes, including cell division, protein quality control, and protein degradation mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system after heat shock, glucose-starvation, and oxidative stress. However, the role of the ubiquitin gene UBI4, which contains five consecutive head-to-tail ubiquitin repeats, in meiosis has not been investigated. In this study, we show that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae polyubiquitin precursor gene, UBI4, is required to promote synaptonemal complex (SC) formation and suppress excess doublestrand break formation. Moreover, the proportion of Zip1 polycomplexes, which indicate abnormal SC formation, in cells with a mutation in UBI4 (i.e., ubi4Δ cells) is higher than that of wild-type cells, implying that the UBI4 plays an important role in the early meiotic prophase I. Interestingly, although ubi4Δ cells rarely form full-length SCs in the pachytene stage of prophase I, the Zip3 foci are still seen, as in wild-type cells. Moreover, ubi4Δ cells proficiently form crossover and noncrossover products with a slight delay compared to wild-type cells, suggesting that UBI4 is dispensable in SCcoupled recombination. Our findings demonstrate that UBI4 exhibits dual functions that are associated with both positive and negative roles in SC formation and recombination during meiosis.

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The deubiquitinase Usp7 in Drosophila melanogaster is required for synaptonemal complex maintenance
Cathleen M. Lake, Jennifer Gardner, Salam Briggs, Zulin Yu, Grace McKown, R. Scott Hawley
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

[Protocol] Development of DNA aptamers specific for small therapeutic peptides using a modified SELEX method: Jaemin Lee , Minkyung Ryu , Dayeong Bae , Hong-Man Kim , Seong-il Eyun , Jeehyeon Bae , Kangseok Lee; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):659-667. Published online June 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2235-4

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Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides capable of binding with high affinity and specificity to target molecules. Because of their durability and ease of synthesis, aptamers are used in a wide range of biomedical fields, including the diagnosis of diseases and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. The aptamers were selected using a process called systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), which has been improved for various research purposes since its development in 1990. In this protocol, we describe a modified SELEX method that rapidly produces high aptamer screening yields using two types of magnetic beads. Using this method, we isolated an aptamer that specifically binds to an antimicrobial peptide. We suggest that by conjugating a small therapeutic-specific aptamer to a gold nanoparticle-based delivery system, which enhances the stability and intracellular delivery of peptides, aptamers selected by our method can be used for the development of therapeutic agents utilizing small therapeutic peptides.

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Recent approaches in the application of antimicrobial peptides in food preservation
Satparkash Singh, Bhavna Jha, Pratiksha Tiwari, Vinay G. Joshi, Adarsh Mishra, Yashpal Singh Malik
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Design and application of microfluidics in aptamer SELEX and Aptasensors
Shikun Zhang, Yingming Zhang, Zhiyuan Ning, Mengxia Duan, Xianfeng Lin, Nuo Duan, Zhouping Wang, Shijia Wu
Biotechnology Advances.2024; 77: 108461. CrossRef
Nanogenosensors based on aptamers and peptides for bioelectrochemical cancer detection: an overview of recent advances in emerging materials and technologies
Babak Mikaeeli Kangarshahi, Seyed Morteza Naghib
Discover Applied Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Recent progress of SELEX methods for screening nucleic acid aptamers
Chao Zhu, Ziru Feng, Hongwei Qin, Lu Chen, Mengmeng Yan, Linsen Li, Feng Qu
Talanta.2024; 266: 124998. CrossRef
Aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles platform as the intracellular delivery of antibodies for cancer therapy
Ji-Hyun Yeom, Eunkyoung Shin, Hanyong Jin, Haifeng Liu, Yongyang Luo, Youngwoo Nam, Minkyung Ryu, Wooseok Song, Heeyoun Chi, Jeongkyu Kim, Kangseok Lee, Jeehyeon Bae
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.2023; 126: 480. CrossRef
Regulation of transforming growth factor-β signaling as a therapeutic approach to treating colorectal cancer
Jana Maslankova, Ivana Vecurkovska, Miroslava Rabajdova, Jana Katuchova, Milos Kicka, Michala Gayova, Vladimir Katuch
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 28(33): 4744. CrossRef

Characterization of antibiotic-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci from fresh produce and description of Staphylococcus shinii sp. nov. isolated from chives: Gyu-Sung Cho , Bo Li , Erik Brinks , Charles , M.A.P. Franz; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(9):877-889. Published online June 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2100-5

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Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species may possess antibiotic resistance genes and have been associated with nosocomial infections. In this study, 91 CoNS with decreased susceptibility to oxacillin were isolated from fresh produce using oxacillin containing agar plates. Their antibiotic resistances were determined phenotypically and all isolates were identified by rep-PCR, 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequencing. Furthermore, the genomes of representative strains were sequenced in order to confirm species identification by phylogenomics. The majority (64 of 91) of the CoNS strains could be identified as Mammaliicoccus (M.) fleurettii, while 13 were identified as M. sciuri, 8 as M. vitulinus, 2 as Staphylococcus (S.) epidermidis and single strains each as S. warneri, S. xylosus, Staphylococcus spp. and S. casei. Most of the strains were generally susceptible to clinically-relevant antibiotics, but only few (< 7%) strains possessed multiple resistances. Both oxacillin and cefoxitin resistant isolates were considered to be presumptive methicillin-resistant CoNS. From whole genome sequencing data of 6 representative strains, the mecA gene, accessory genes and the SCC loci were compared, which revealed high variability between some of the strains. The major fatty acids of K22-5MT strain included anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0, anteiso-C17:0, C18:0, and C20:0. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values indicated that Staphylococcus strain K22-5MT was below the species delineation cutoff values for ANI (less than 91%) and DDH (less than 44.4%), with the most closely related species being the S. pseudoxylosus S04009T type strain. Thus, strain K22- 5MT (=DSM 112532T, =LMG 32324T) represents a novel species, for which the name Staphylococcus shinii sp. nov. is proposed.

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Whole genome sequencing of non-aureus Staphylococcus species from poultry barn bioaerosols across Alberta reveals circulation of isolates with multiple antibiotic resistant genes and disinfectant resistant genes
Awais Ghaffar, Karen Liljebjelke, Sylvia Checkley, Frank van der Meer, Muhammad Farooq, Heshanthi Herath Mudiyanselage, Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance.2025; 43: 18. CrossRef
Microbial agents for the control of ticks Rhipicephalus microplus
Edgar Castro-Saines, Rodolfo Lagunes-Quintanilla, Rubén Hernández-Ortiz
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Scandinavium lactucae sp. nov. Isolated from Healthy Lettuce in South Korea
Jiwon Park, Sieun Park, Kwang-Kyo Oh, Charles M. A. P. Franz, Gyu-Sung Cho
Current Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Staphylococcus Bacteria as a Biocontrol Agent against Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks: Assessing Reproductive Inhibition and Mortality Rates
Raquel Cossio-Bayugar, Cesar A. Arreguin-Perez, Hugo Aguilar-Diaz, Estefan Miranda-Miranda
Microorganisms.2024; 12(3): 551. CrossRef
Genomic exploration of the fermented meat isolate Staphylococcus shinii IMDO-S216 with a focus on competitiveness-enhancing secondary metabolites
Ana Sosa-Fajardo, Cristian Díaz-Muñoz, David Van der Veken, Inés Pradal, Marko Verce, Stefan Weckx, Frédéric Leroy
BMC Genomics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Staphylococcus hsinchuensis sp. nov., Isolated from Soymilk
Yu-Ting Wang, Yu-Chun Lin, Yi-Huei Hsieh, Yu-Tzu Lin, Moriyuki Hamada, Chih-Chieh Chen, Jong-Shian Liou, Ai-Yun Lee, Wei-Ling Zhang, Yung-Tsung Chen, Chien-Hsun Huang
Pathogens.2024; 13(4): 343. CrossRef
Validation List no. 209. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Eradication of drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by cell-penetrating peptide fused endolysin: Jeonghyun Lim , Jaeyeon Jang , Heejoon Myung , Miryoung Song; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(8):859-866. Published online May 25, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2107-y

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Antimicrobial agents targeting peptidoglycan have shown successful results in eliminating bacteria with high selective toxicity. Bacteriophage encoded endolysin as an alternative antibiotics is a peptidoglycan degrading enzyme with a low rate of resistance. Here, the engineered endolysin was developed to defeat multiple drug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii. First, putative endolysin PA90 was predicted by genome analysis of isolated Pseudomonas phage PBPA. The His-tagged PA90 was purified from BL21(DE3) pLysS and tested for the enzymatic activity using Gram-negative pathogens known for having a high antibiotic resistance rate including A. baumannii. Since the measured activity of PA90 was low, probably due to the outer membrane, cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) DS4.3 was introduced at the N-terminus of PA90 to aid access to its substrate. This engineered endolysin, DS-PA90, completely killed A. baumannii at 0.25 μM, at which concentration PA90 could only eliminate less than one log in CFU/ml. Additionally, DS-PA90 has tolerance to NaCl, where the ~50% of activity could be maintained in the presence of 150 mM NaCl, and stable activity was also observed with changes in pH or temperature. Even MDR A. baumannii strains were highly susceptible to DS-PA90 treatment: five out of nine strains were entirely killed and four strains were reduced by 3–4 log in CFU/ml. Consequently, DS-PA90 could protect waxworm from A. baumannii-induced death by ~70% for ATCC 17978 or ~44% for MDR strain 1656-2 infection. Collectively, our data suggest that CPP-fused endolysin can be an effective antibacterial agent against Gramnegative pathogens regardless of antibiotics resistance mechanisms.

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Bactericidal Effect of a Novel Phage Endolysin Targeting Multi-Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Sara Garcia Torres, Dirk Henrich, Rene D. Verboket, Ingo Marzi, Gernot Hahne, Volkhard A. J. Kempf, Stephan Göttig
Antibiotics.2025; 14(2): 162. CrossRef
In vitro and in vivo efficacy studies of an engineered endolysin targeting Gram-negative pathogens
Hye-Won Hong, Jaeyeon Jang, Young Deuk Kim, Tae-Hwan Jeong, Dogeun Lee, Kyungah Park, Min Soo Kim, In-Soo Yoon, Miryoung Song, Min-Duk Seo, Hyunjin Yoon, Daejin Lim, Heejoon Myung
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 302: 140463. CrossRef
Endolysins and membrane-active peptides: innovative engineering strategies against gram-negative bacteria
Monika Wojciechowska
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Bacteriophage therapy to combat MDR non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections: recent progress and challenges
Sunil Kumar, Razique Anwer, Anil Sharma, Mukesh Yadav, Nirmala Sehrawat
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.2025; 398(11): 15037. CrossRef
In Vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of Recombinant Phage-Derived Endolysin LysTAC1 Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Inam Ullah, Song Cui, Qiulong Yan, Hayan Ullah, Shanshan Sha, Yufang Ma
Antibiotics.2025; 14(10): 975. CrossRef
Engineered Phages and Engineered and Recombinant Endolysins Against Carbapenem‐Resistant Gram‐Negative Bacteria: A Focused Review on Novel Antibacterial Strategies
Majid Taati Moghadam, Shaghayegh Shahkolahi, Israa A. Hashim, Shamsieh Asgharihajimahalleh, Ghazale Khodadadi, Fatemeh Moghbeli, Samira Sabzi, Shahla Shahbazi
Journal of Basic Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Outlooks of endolysins with innolysins therapeutic potentials against antimicrobial resistance
Misganu Yadesa Tesema
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Antimicrobial peptide thanatin fused endolysin PA90 (Tha-PA90) for the control of Acinetobacter baumannii infection in mouse model
Jeonghyun Lim, Heejoon Myung, Daejin Lim, Miryoung Song
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Tissue damage alleviation and mucin inhibition by P5 in a respiratory infection mouse model with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Jun Hee Oh, Jonggwan Park, Hee Kyoung Kang, Hee Joo Park, Yoonkyung Park
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 181: 117724. CrossRef
Potential of antimicrobial peptide-fused endolysin LysC02 as therapeutics for infections and disinfectants for food contact surfaces to control Cronobacter sakazakii
Doyeon Kim, Jinwoo Kim, Minsik Kim
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Gram-negative endolysins: overcoming the outer membrane obstacle
Hazel M Sisson, Simon A Jackson, Robert D Fagerlund, Suzanne L Warring, Peter C Fineran
Current Opinion in Microbiology.2024; 78: 102433. CrossRef
LysJEP8: A promising novel endolysin for combating multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria
Jose Vicente Carratalá, Neus Ferrer‐Miralles, Elena Garcia‐Fruitós, Anna Arís
Microbial Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
You get what you test for: The killing effect of phage lysins is highly dependent on buffer tonicity and ionic strength
Roberto Vázquez, Diana Gutiérrez, Zoë Dezutter, Bjorn Criel, Philippe de Groote, Yves Briers
Microbial Biotechnology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Endolysins: a new antimicrobial agent against antimicrobial resistance. Strategies and opportunities in overcoming the challenges of endolysins against Gram-negative bacteria
Fazal Mehmood Khan, Fazal Rasheed, Yunlan Yang, Bin Liu, Rui Zhang
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Characterization of Three Different Endolysins Effective against Gram-Negative Bacteria
Tae-Hwan Jeong, Hye-Won Hong, Min Soo Kim, Miryoung Song, Heejoon Myung
Viruses.2023; 15(3): 679. CrossRef
Design strategies for positively charged endolysins: Insights into Artilysin development
Jose Vicente Carratalá, Anna Arís, Elena Garcia-Fruitós, Neus Ferrer-Miralles
Biotechnology Advances.2023; 69: 108250. CrossRef

Weigela florida inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infection: Hyo Bin Kim , Soomin Cho , Yeji Lee , Weihui Wu , Un-Hwan Ha; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(6):649-656. Published online April 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1638-6

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Inflammatory responses involve the action of inflammatory mediators that are necessary for the clearance of invading bacterial pathogens. However, excessive production of inflammatory mediators can damage tissues, thereby impairing bacterial clearance. Here, we examined the effects of Weigela florida on the expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus infection in macrophages. The results showed that pre-treatment with W. florida markedly downregulated the bacterial infectionmediated expression of cytokines. Additionally, post-treatment also triggered anti-inflammatory effects in cells infected with S. aureus to a greater extent than in those infected with P. aeruginosa. Bacterial infection activated inflammation-associated AKT (Thr308 and Ser473)/NF-κB and MAPK (p38, JNK, and ERK) signaling pathways, whereas W. florida treatment typically inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT/NF‐κB and p38/JNK, supporting the anti‐inflammatory effects of W. florida. The present results suggest that W. florida decreases the infection-mediated expression of inflammatory mediators by inhibiting the AKT/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways, implying that it may have potential use as an inhibitory agent of excessive inflammatory responses.

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Yuan-Yuan Li, Jia-Ling Hu, Ji-Rou Wu, Yi-Ru Wang, Ai-Hong Zhang, Yu-Wei Tan, Ya-Jing Shang, Ting Liang, Min Li, Ya-Li Meng, Yan-Fei Kang
Biosensors and Bioelectronics.2024; 254: 116233. CrossRef
Polymicrobial interactions influence Mycobacterium abscessus co-existence and biofilm forming capabilities
Nishant Nandanwar, Geoffery Gu, Joy E. Gibson, Michael N. Neely
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Tissue damage alleviation and mucin inhibition by P5 in a respiratory infection mouse model with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Jun Hee Oh, Jonggwan Park, Hee Kyoung Kang, Hee Joo Park, Yoonkyung Park
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 181: 117724. CrossRef
Spatiotemporal Deep-Learning-Based Algal Bloom Prediction for Lake Okeechobee Using Multisource Data Fusion
Yufei Tang, Yingqi Feng, Sasha Fung, Veronica Ruiz Xomchuk, Mingshun Jiang, Tim Moore, Jordon Beckler
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Flaviflexus equikiangi sp. nov. isolated from faeces of Equus kiang (Tibetan wild ass) and carrying a class 1 integron gene cassette in its genome: Caixin Yang , Xingxing Lian , Yanpeng Cheng , Yifan Jiao , Jing Yang , Kui Dong , Shan Lu , Xin-He Lai , Dong Jin , Han Zheng , Ji Pu , Suping Wang , Liyun Liu , Jianguo Xu; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(6):585-593. Published online April 18, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1673-3

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Abstract PDF: Two Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, cocci-shaped strains (dk850T and JY899) were isolated from the feces of Equus kiang in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analyses showed that strains dk850T and JY899 belong to the genus Flaviflexus, closest to F. salsibiostraticola KCTC 33148T, F. ciconiae KCTC 49253T and F. huanghaiensis H5T. The DNA G + C content of strain dk850T was 62.9%. The digital DNADNA hybridization values of strain dk850T with the closely related species were below the 70% threshold for species demarcation. The two strains grew best at 28°C on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar with 5% sheep blood. All strains had C18:1ω9c and C16:0 as the major cellular fatty acids. MK-9(H4) was the major menaquinone in strain dk850T. The major polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid. Strains dk850T and JY899 were identified as carrying a class 1 integron containing the aminoglycoside resistance gene aadA11, both strains were resistant to spectinomycin and streptomycin. Based on several lines of evidence from phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strains dk850T and JY899 represent a novel species of the genus Flaviflexus, for which the name Flaviflexus equikiangi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is dk850T (= CGMCC 1.16593T = JCM 33598T).

The C-22 sterol desaturase Erg5 is responsible for ergosterol biosynthesis and conidiation in Aspergillus fumigatus: Nanbiao Long , Guowei Zhong; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(6):620-626. Published online April 18, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1564-7

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Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent saprophytic fungi and can cause severe invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. For infection of A. fumigatus, the small hydrophobic conidia have been shown to play a dominant role. In this study, we found that deletion of erg5, a C-22 sterol desaturase gene which function in the last two steps of ergosterol biosynthesis, was sufficient to block ergosterol biosynthesis and conidiation. The deletion phenotype was further verified by a conditional expression strain of erg5 using the inducible tet-on system. Strikingly, erg5 mutant displays increased susceptibility to antifungal azoles itraconazole. RNA sequencing analysis showed that erg5 deficiency resulted in changes in transcription mainly related to lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism. Genes encoding ergosterol biosynthesis- related enzymes were found to be up-regulated in erg5 null mutants. However, genes involved in asexual development, including upstream regulators, melanin biosynthesis enzymes, heterotrimeric G proteins, and MAPK signaling, were down-regulated to various degrees. Furthermore, metabolomic study revealed that erg5 deficiency also resulted in altered lipid and amino acid metabolism, which was consistent with our transcriptomics analysis. Collectively, our study established a link between ergosterol biosynthesis and asexual development at the transcriptomics and metabolomics level in A. fumigatus.

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Postharvest Biology and Technology.2025; 227: 113628. CrossRef
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Zhanhong Han, Yuanyuan Zong, Xuemei Zhang, Di Gong, Bin Wang, Dov Prusky, Edward Sionov, Huali Xue, Yang Bi
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Integrated proteomic and metabolomic analyses reveal significant changes in chloroplasts and mitochondria of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) during Sclerotium rolfsii infection: Hongdong Liao , Xiangyu Wen , Xuelei Deng , Yonghong Wu , Jianping Xu , Xin Li , Shudong Zhou , Xuefeng Li , Chunhui Zhu , Feng Luo , Yanqing Ma , Jingyuan Zheng; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(5):511-525. Published online March 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1603-4

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Infection by Sclerotium rolfsii will cause serious disease and lead to significant economic losses in chili pepper. In this study, the response of pepper during S. rolfsii infection was explored by electron microscopy, physiological determination and integrated proteome and metabolome analyses. Our results showed that the stomata of pepper stems were important portals for S. rolfsii infection. The plant cell morphology was significantly changed at the time of the fungal hyphae just contacting (T1) or surrounding (T2) the pepper. The chlorophyll, carotenoid, and MDA contents and the activities of POD, SOD, and CAT were markedly upregulated at T1 and T2. Approximately 4129 proteins and 823 metabolites were clearly identified in proteome and metabolome analyses, respectively. A change in 396 proteins and 54 metabolites in pepper stem tissues was observed at T1 compared with 438 proteins and 53 metabolites at T2. The proteins and metabolites related to photosynthesis and antioxidant systems in chloroplasts and mitochondria were disproportionally affected by S. rolfsii infection, impacting carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. This study provided new insights into the response mechanism in pepper stems during S. rolfsii infection, which can guide future work on fungal disease resistance breeding in pepper.

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Chaofan Jiang, Lin Zhou, Mengke Wang, Sirui Shen, Weifeng Cheng, Qingchen Zhao, Kaidi Cui, Leiming He
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The novel antifungal agent AB-22 displays in vitro activity against hyphal growth and biofilm formation in Candida albicans and potency for treating systemic candidiasis: Kyung-Tae Lee , Dong-Gi Lee , Ji Won Choi , Jong-Hyun Park , Ki Duk Park , Jong-Seung Lee , Yong-Sun Bahn; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(4):438-443. Published online March 14, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2016-0

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Systemic candidiasis, which is mainly caused by Candida albicans, is a serious acute fungal infection in the clinical setting. In a previous study, we reported that compound 22h (designated as AB-22 in this study), a vinyl sulfate compound, is a fast-acting fungicidal agent against a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens. In this study, we aimed to further analyze the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of AB-22 against filamentation, biofilm formation, and virulence of C. albicans. Under in vitro hyphal growth-inducing condition, AB-22 effectively inhibited germ tube formation and hyphal growth, which are required for the initiation of biofilm formation. Indeed, AB-22 significantly suppressed C. albicans biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, AB-22 treatment inhibited the normal induction of ALS3, HWP1, and ECE1, which are all required for hyphal transition in C. albicans. Furthermore, AB-22 treatment increased the survival of mice systemically infected with C. albicans. In conclusion, in addition to its fungicidal activity, AB-22 inhibits filamentation and biofilm formation in C. albicans, which could collectively contribute to its potent in vivo efficacy against systemic candidiasis.

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Alterations of oral microbiota in Chinese children with viral encephalitis and/or viral meningitis: Yijie Li , Jing Liu , Yimin Zhu , Chunying Peng , Yao Dong , Lili Liu , Yining He , Guoping Lu , Yingjie Zheng; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(4):429-437. Published online February 14, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1560-y

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The role of oral microbiota in viral encephalitis and/or viral meningitis (VEVM) remains unclear. In this hospital-based, frequency-matched study, children with clinically diagnosed VEVM (n = 68) and those with other diseases (controls, n = 68) were recruited. Their oral swab samples were collected and the oral microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The oral microbiota of children with VEVM exhibited different beta diversity metrics (unweighted UniFrac distance: P < 0.001, R2 = 0.025, Bray-curtis dissimilarity: P = 0.045, R2 = 0.011, and Jaccard dissimilarity: P < 0.001, R2 = 0.017) and higher relative abundances of taxa identified by Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with effect size (Enterococcus, Pedobacter, Massilia, Prevotella_9, Psychrobacter, Butyricimonas, Bradyrhizobium, etc., LDA scores > 2.0) when compared with the control group. The higher pathway abundance of steroid hormone biosynthesis predicted by oral microbiota was suggested to be linked to VEVM (q = 0.020). Further, a model based on oral microbial traits showed good predictive performance for VEVM with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.920 (95% confidence interval: 0.834–1.000). Similar results were also obtained between children with etiologically diagnosed VEVM (n = 43) and controls (n = 68). Our preliminary study identified VEVM-specific oral microbial traits among children, which can be effective in the diagnosis of VEVM.

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Luisa BERTIN, Erica BONAZZI, Sonia FACCHIN, Greta LORENZON, Daria MANIERO, Caterina DE BARBA, Antonietta TOMASULO, Andrea FORTUNA, Fabiana ZINGONE, Brigida BARBERIO, Edoardo V. SAVARINO
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Metagenomic next-generation sequencing and proteomics analysis in pediatric viral encephalitis and meningitis
Yi-Long Wang, Xiao-Tong Guo, Meng-Ying Zhu, Yu-Chen Mao, Xue-Bin Xu, Yi Hua, Lu Xu, Li-Hua Jiang, Cong-Ying Zhao, Xin Zhang, Guo-Xia Sheng, Pei-Fang Jiang, Zhe-Feng Yuan, Feng Gao
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Potent antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of TICbf-14, a peptide with increased stability against trypsin: Liping Wang , Xiaoyun Liu , Xinyue Ye , Chenyu Zhou , Wenxuan Zhao , Changlin Zhou , Lingman Ma; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(1):89-99. Published online December 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1368-9

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The poor stability of peptides against trypsin largely limits their development as potential antibacterial agents. Here, to obtain a peptide with increased trypsin stability and potent antibacterial activity, TICbf-14 derived from the cationic peptide Cbf-14 was designed by the addition of disulfide-bridged hendecapeptide (CWTKSIPPKPC) loop. Subsequently, the trypsin stability and antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of this peptide were evaluated. The possible mechanisms underlying its mode of action were also clarified. The results showed that TICbf-14 exhibited elevated trypsin inhibitory activity and effectively mitigated lung histopathological damage in bacteria-infected mice by reducing the bacterial counts, further inhibiting the systemic dissemination of bacteria and host inflammation. Additionally, TICbf-14 significantly repressed bacterial swimming motility and notably inhibited biofilm formation. Considering the mode of action, we observed that TICbf-14 exhibited a potent membrane-disruptive mechanism, which was attributable to its destructive effect on ionic bridges between divalent cations and LPS of the bacterial membrane. Overall, TICbf-14, a bifunctional peptide with both antimicrobial and trypsin inhibitory activity, is highly likely to become an ideal candidate for drug development against bacteria.

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Modified polymeric biomaterials with antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties
Katarzyna Szałapata, Mateusz Pięt, Martyna Kasela, Marcin Grąz, Justyna Kapral-Piotrowska, Aleksandra Mordzińska-Rak, Elżbieta Samorek, Paulina Pieniądz, Jolanta Polak, Monika Osińska-Jaroszuk, Roman Paduch, Bożena Pawlikowska-Pawlęga, Anna Malm, Anna Jar
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Gene deletion and constitutive expression of the pectate lyase gene 1 (MoPL1) lead to diminished virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae: Alex Wegner , Florencia Casanova , Marco Loehrer , Angelina Jordine , Stefan Bohnert , Xinyu Liu , Zhengguang Zhang , Ulrich Schaffrath; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(1):79-88. Published online December 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1074-7

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Phytopathogenic fungi are known to secrete specific proteins which act as virulence factors and promote host colonization. Some of them are enzymes with plant cell wall degradation capability, like pectate lyases (Pls). In this work, we examined the involvement of Pls in the infection process of Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease. From three Plgenes annotated in the M. oryzae genome, only transcripts of MoPL1 considerably accumulated during the infection process with a peak at 72 h post inoculation. Both, gene deletion and a constitutive expression of MoPL1 in M. oryzae led to a significant reduction in virulence. By contrast, mutants that constitutively expressed an enzymatic inactive version of MoPl1 did not differ in virulence compared to the wild type isolate. This indicates that the enzymatic activity of MoPl1 is responsible for diminished virulence, which is presumably due to degradation products recognized as danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which strengthen the plant immune response. Microscopic analysis of infection sites pointed to an increased plant defense response. Additionally, MoPl1 tagged with mRFP, and not the enzymatic inactive version, focally accumulated in attacked plant cells beneath appressoria and at sites where fungal hyphae transverse from one to another cell. These findings shed new light on the role of pectate lyases during tissue colonization in the necrotrophic stage of M. oryzae's life cycle.

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Enhanced Resistance to Pokkah Boeng Disease in Sugarcane Through Host‐Induced Gene Silencing Targeting FsCYP51 in Fusarium sacchari
Liuyu Yin, Zhen Huang, Yuming Zhou, Minyan Lu, Lixiang Zhu, Ruolin Di, Zhenzhen Duan, Yixue Bao, Qin Hu, Charles A. Powell, Baoshan Chen, Jisen Zhang, Muqing Zhang, Wei Yao
Plant, Cell & Environment.2025; 48(6): 3861. CrossRef
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals That a Gti1/Pac2 Family Gene, CpSge1, Regulates Fungal Growth, Stress Response, and Virulence in Cryphonectria parasitica
Xiaorong Lin, Yuchen Yang, Can Huang, Dianguang Xiong, Xiaolin Qiu, Chengming Tian
Phytopathology®.2025; 115(5): 521. CrossRef
Plant pathogenic fungi hijack phosphate signaling with conserved enzymatic effectors
Carl L. McCombe, Alex Wegner, Louisa Wirtz, Chenie S. Zamora, Florencia Casanova, Shouvik Aditya, Julian R. Greenwood, Samuel de Paula, Eleanor England, Sascha Shang, Daniel J. Ericsson, Ely Oliveira-Garcia, Simon J. Williams, Ulrich Schaffrath
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Fusarium sacchari FsNis1 induces plant immunity
Ruolin Di, Lixiang Zhu, Zhen Huang, Minyan Lu, Liuyu Yin, Caixia Wang, Yixue Bao, Zhenzhen Duan, Charles A. Powell, Qin Hu, Jisen Zhang, Muqing Zhang, Wei Yao
Gene.2024; 907: 148260. CrossRef
Litchi aspartic protease LcAP1 enhances plant resistance via suppressing cell death triggered by the pectate lyase PlPeL8 from Peronophythora litchii
Wen Li, Peng Li, Yizhen Deng, Zijing Zhang, Junjian Situ, Ji Huang, Minhui Li, Pinggen Xi, Zide Jiang, Guanghui Kong
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Recognition of the inducible, secretory small protein OsSSP1 by the membrane receptor OsSSR1 and the co-receptor OsBAK1 confers rice resistance to the blast fungus
Tianfeng Zhao, Shijie Ma, Ziying Kong, Haimiao Zhang, Yi Wang, Junzhe Wang, Jiazong Liu, Wanzhen Feng, Tong Liu, Chunyan Liu, Suochen Liang, Shilin Lu, Xinyu Li, Haipeng Zhao, Chongchong Lu, Muhammad Zunair Latif, Ziyi Yin, Yang Li, Xinhua Ding
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A plant cell death-inducing protein from litchi interacts with Peronophythora litchii pectate lyase and enhances plant resistance
Wen Li, Peng Li, Yizhen Deng, Junjian Situ, Zhuoyuan He, Wenzhe Zhou, Minhui Li, Pinggen Xi, Xiangxiu Liang, Guanghui Kong, Zide Jiang
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Lu Cai, Xiao Xu, Ye Dong, Yingying Jin, Younes M. Rashad, Dongfang Ma, Aiguo Gu
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Pectate Lyase from Fusarium sacchari Induces Plant Immune Responses and Contributes to Virulence
Caixia Wang, Zhen Huang, Zhenzhen Duan, Lixiang Zhu, Ruolin Di, Yixue Bao, Charles A. Powell, Qin Hu, Baoshan Chen, Muqing Zhang, Wei Yao, Lindsey Price Burbank
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Hong Jiang, Qinghai Cao, Xinchao Wang, Wuyun Lv, Yuchun Wang, Aaron P. Mitchell
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Interaction between hypoviral-regulated fungal virulence factor laccase3 and small heat shock protein Hsp24 from the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica: Jeesun Chun† , Yo-Han Ko† , Dae-Hyuk Kim; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(1):57-62. Published online November 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1498-0

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Laccase3 is an important virulence factor of the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. Laccase3 gene (lac3) transcription is induced by tannic acid, a group of phenolic compounds found in chestnut trees, and its induction is regulated by the hypovirus CHV1 infection. CpHsp24, a small heat shock protein gene of C. parasitica, plays a determinative role in stress adaptation and pathogen virulence. Having uncovered in our previous study that transcriptional regulation of the CpHsp24 gene in response to tannic acid supplementation and CHV1 infection was similar to that of the lac3, and that conserved phenotypic changes of reduced virulence were observed in mutants of both genes, we inferred that both genes were implicated in a common pathway. Building on this finding, in this paper we examined whether the CpHsp24 protein (CpHSP24) was a molecular chaperone for the lac3 protein (LAC3). Our pull-down experiment indicated that the protein products of the two genes directly interacted with each other. Heterologous co-expression of CpHsp24 and lac3 genes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in more laccase activity in the cotransformant than in a parental lac3-expresssing yeast strain. These findings suggest that CpHSP24 is, in fact, a molecular chaperone for the LAC3, which is critical component of fungal pathogenesis.

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Characteristics and expression of heat shock gene Lghsp17.4 in Lenzites gibbosa, a white rot fungus of wood
Lianrong Feng, Yujie Chi, Jian Zhang, Xuxin Yang, Shuying Han
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Jinzi Wang, Rui Quan, Xipu He, Qiang Fu, Shigen Tian, Lijiu Zhao, Shuangcai Li, Liming Shi, Ru Li, Baoshan Chen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Applying molecular and genetic methods to trees and their fungal communities
Markus Müller, Ursula Kües, Katharina B. Budde, Oliver Gailing
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Devosia rhizoryzae sp. nov., and Devosia oryziradicis sp. nov., novel plant growth promoting members of the genus Devosia, isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plants: Geeta Chhetri , Inhyup Kim , Minchung Kang , Jiyoun Kim , Yoonseop So , Taegun Seo; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(1):1-10. Published online November 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1474-8

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Two novel Gram-negative, aerobic, asporogenous, motile, rodshaped, orange and white pigmented, designated as LEGU1T and G19T, were isolated from the roots of rice plants, collected from Goyang, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that they belonged to the genus Devosia and formed a different lineage and clusters with different members of the genus Devosia. These strains shared common chemotaxonomic features. In particular, they had Q-10 as the sole quinone, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol as the principal polar lipids and C16:0, C18:1 ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1 ω7c/ C18:1 ω6c) as the main fatty acids. The draft genome sequences of strains LEGU1T and G19T were 3,524,978 and 3,495,520 bp in size, respectively. Their average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were 72.8–81.9% and 18.7–25.1%, respectively, with each other and type strains of related species belonging to the genus Devosia, suggesting that these two strains represent novel species. The G + C content of strains LEGU1T and G19T were 62.1 and 63.8%, respectively. Of the two strains, only LEGU1T produced carotenoid and flexirubin-type pigment. Both strains produced siderophore and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the presence of L-tryptophan. Siderophore biosynthesis genes, auxin responsive genes and tryptophan biosynthesis genes were present in their genomes. The present study aimed to determine the detailed taxonomic positions of the strains using the modern polyphasic approach. Based on the results of polyphasic analysis, these strains are suggested to be two novel bacterial species within the genus Devosia. The proposed names are D. rhizoryzae sp. nov., and Devosia oryziradicis sp. nov., respectively. The plant growth promoting effects of these strains suggest that they can be exploited to improve rice crop productivity. The type strain of D. rhizoryzae is LEGU1T (KCTC 82712T = NBRC 114485T) and D. oryziradicis is G19T (KCTC 82688T = NBRC 114842T).

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Geographic diversity in Helicobacter pylori oipA genotype between Korean and United States isolates: Aeryun Kim , Jing Lai , D. Scott Merrell , Ji-Hye Kim , Hanfu Su , Jeong-Heon Cha; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(12):1125-1132. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1450-8

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Helicobacter pylori outer membrane inflammatory protein A (OipA) was originally named for its role in inducing inflammation in the host, as evidenced by high mucosal IL-8 levels. Expression of OipA is regulated by phase variation of a CT dinucleotide-repeat located in the 5􍿁􀁇region of the gene. However, little is known about OipA geographic diversity across isolates. To address this gap, we conducted a large-scale molecular epidemiologic analysis using H. pylori clinical isolates obtained from two geographically distinct populations: Korea and the United States (US). Most Korean isolates (98.7%) possessed two copies of oipA located at two specific loci (A and B) while all US isolates contained only one copy of oipA at locus A. Furthermore, most Korean oipA (94.8%) possessed three or less CT repeats while most US oipA (96.6%) contained five or more CT repeats. Among the two copies, all Korean H. pylori possessed at least one oipA ‘on’ phase variant while the single copy of oipA in US isolates showed 56.2% ‘on’ and 43.8% ‘off.’ Thus, host differences seem to have driven geographic diversification of H. pylori across these populations such that OipA expression in US isolates is still regulated by phase variation with 5 or more CT repeats, while Korean isolates always express OipA; duplication of the oipA combined with a reduction of CT repeats to three or less ensures continued expression. En masse, these findings suggest that diversity in the oipA gene copy number, CT repeats, and phase variation among H. pylori from different populations may confer a benefit in adaptation to particular host populations.

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