Journal of Microbiology

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Crystal structures of the μ2 subunit of clathrin-adaptor protein 2 in complex with peptides derived from human papillomavirus 16 E7: Sujin Jung, Dahwan Lim, Joon Sig Choi, Ho-Chul Shin, Seung Jun Kim, Bonsu Ku; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(8):e2505003. Published online August 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2505003

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Abstract PDF: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause abnormal cellular proliferation, leading to malignant or benign lesions, such as cervical cancer and warts. The genome of HPV16, the most prevalent high-risk oncogenic genotype within the Alphapapillomavirus genus, encodes two oncoproteins. One of these proteins, E7, interacts with multiple host proteins and modulates their functions through distinct pathways. The CR2 domain of HPV16 E7 was recently reported to interact with the μ2 subunit of clathrin-adaptor protein 2 (AP2-μ2), an adaptor complex involved in cargo internalization during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In this study, to provide molecular insights into their intermolecular interactions, we determined the crystal structures of AP2-μ2 in complex with the HPV16 E7-derived peptides. Subsequent biochemical analyses revealed that this interaction is primarily maintained by the Y-x-x-Φ motif and further supported by acidic cluster residues of HPV16 E7. Finally, sequence alignment of the E7 CR2 domains from various HPV genotypes showed that the AP2-μ2-binding motif is largely conserved in Alpha-, Beta-, and Mupapillomaviruses, but not in Nu- and Gammapapillomaviruses.

Efficient CRISPR-based genome editing for inducible degron systems to enable temporal control of protein function in large double-stranded DNA virus genomes: Kihye Shin, Eui Tae Kim; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(9):e2504008. Published online August 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2504008

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Abstract PDF: CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing enables precise genetic modifications. However, its application to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) remains challenging due to the large size of the viral genome and the essential roles of key regulatory genes. Here, we establish an optimized CRISPR-Cas9 system for precise labeling and functional analysis of HCMV immediate early (IE) genes. By integrating a multifunctional cassette encoding an auxin-inducible degron (AID), a self-cleaving peptide (P2A), and GFP into the viral genome via homology-directed repair (HDR), we achieved efficient knock-ins without reliance on bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning, a labor-intensive and time-consuming approach. We optimized delivery strategies, donor template designs, and component ratios to enhance HDR efficiency, significantly improving knock-in success rates. This system enables real-time fluorescent tracking and inducible protein degradation, allowing temporal control of essential viral proteins through auxin-mediated depletion. Our approach provides a powerful tool for dissecting the dynamic roles of viral proteins throughout the HCMV life cycle, facilitating a deeper understanding of viral pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.

Bacteroides celer sp. nov. and Bacteroides mucinivorans sp. nov., isolated from human feces, and the reclassification of Bacteroides koreensis Shin et al. 2017 and Bacteroides kribbi Shin et al. 2017 as later heterotypic synonyms of Bacteroides ovatus Eggerth and Gagnon 1933 (Approved Lists 1980): Ah-In Yang, Bora Kim, Woorim Kang, Hae-In Joe, Na-Ri Shin; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(6):e2502006. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2502006; Correction in: J. Microbiol 2025;63(7):e2507100

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Two novel, Gram-stain-negative, anaerobic, and non-motile bacterial strains, designated KFT8^T and CG01^T, were isolated from the feces of healthy individuals without diagnosed diseases and characterized using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both strains belong to the genus Bacteroides, with < 99.0% similarity in their 16S rRNA gene sequences to B. facilis NSJ-77^T and B. nordii JCM 12987^T. Within the genus Bacteroides, strain KFT8^T exhibited the highest Orthologous Average Nucleotide Identity value of 94.7% and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 63.7% with B. ovatus ATCC 8483^T, whereas strain CG01^T showed the highest values of 95.3% and 63.3%, respectively, with B. nordii JCM 12987^T. The values between the two novel strains were 74.8% and 21.4%, respectively, which are below the species delineation thresholds, supporting their classification as novel species. The major fatty acid of strain KFT8^T was C_18:1 ω9c, whereas strain CG01^T predominantly contained summed feature 11 (comprising iso-C_17:0 3OH and/or C_18:2 DMA). The only respiratory quinone was MK-11, the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Both strains produced succinic acid and acetic acid as common metabolic end-products of fermentation, while lactic acid and formic acid were detected individually in each strain. Based on polyphasic characterization, strains KFT8^T (= KCTC 15614^T = JCM 36011^T) and CG01^T (= KCTC 15613^T = JCM 36010^T) represent two novel species within the genus Bacteroides, for which the names Bacteroides celer sp. nov. and Bacteroides mucinivorans sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. Additionally, genome-based analyses and phenotypic comparisons revealed that B. koreensis and B. kribbi represent the same strain, showing genomic relatedness to B. ovatus that exceeds the threshold for species delineation. Consequently, we propose the reclassification of B. koreensis Shin et al. 2017 and B. kribbi Shin et al. 2017 as later heterotypic synonyms of B. ovatus Eggerth and Gagnon 1933 (Approved Lists 1980).

Arctic lichen Cladonia borealis-induced cell death is mediated by p53-independent activation of Caspase-9 and PARP-1 signaling in human colorectal cancer cell lines: Ju-Mi Hong, Seul Ki Min, Kyung Hee Kim, Se Jong Han, Joung Han Yim, Sojin Kim, Youn-Jung Kim, Il-Chan Kim; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(4):e2412012. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2412012

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Abstract PDF: The anti-cancer effects of Cladonia borealis (an Arctic lichen) methanol extract (CBME) on human colon carcinoma HCT116 cells were investigated for the first time. The proliferation of the HCT116 cells treated with CBME significantly decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry results indicated that treatment with CBME resulted in significant apoptosis in the HCT116 cells. Furthermore, immunoblotting and qRT-PCR results revealed the expression of apoptosis-related marker genes and indicated a significant downregulation of the apoptosis regulator B-cell lymphoma expression and upregulation of the cleaved form of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase as DNA repair and apoptosis regulators and central tumor suppressor p53. Therefore, CBME significantly inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in colon carcinoma cells. Collectively, these data suggested that CBME contained one or more compounds with anti-cancer effects and could be a potential therapeutic agent. Further studies are required to identify candidate compounds and understand the mechanism of action of CBME.

Journal Articles

Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Brucella spp. from Human, Livestock, and Wildlife in South Africa: Koketso Desiree Mazwi, Kgaugelo Edward Lekota, Barbara Akofo Glover, Francis Babaman Kolo, Ayesha Hassim, Jenny Rossouw, Annelize Jonker, Justnya Maria Wojno, Giuseppe Profiti, Pier Luigi Martelli, Rita Casadio, Katiuscia Zilli, Anna Janowicz, Francesca Marotta, Giuliano Garofolo, Henriette van Heerden; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(9):759-773. Published online July 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00155-8

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Brucellosis is an economically important zoonotic disease affecting humans, livestock, and wildlife health globally and especially in Africa. Brucella abortus and B. melitensis have been isolated from human, livestock (cattle and goat), and wildlife (sable) in South Africa (SA) but with little knowledge of the population genomic structure of this pathogen in SA. As whole genome sequencing can assist to differentiate and trace the origin of outbreaks of Brucella spp. strains, the whole genomes of retrospective isolates (n = 19) from previous studies were sequenced. Sequences were analysed using average nucleotide identity (ANI), pangenomics, and whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (wgSNP) to trace the geographical origin of cases of brucellosis circulating in human, cattle, goats, and sable from different provinces in SA. Pangenomics analysis of B. melitensis (n = 69) and B. abortus (n = 56) was conducted with 19 strains that included B. abortus from cattle (n = 3) and B. melitensis from a human (n = 1), cattle (n = 1), goat (n = 1), Rev1 vaccine strain (n = 1), and sable (n = 12). Pangenomics analysis of B. melitensis genomes, highlighted shared genes, that include 10 hypothetical proteins and genes that encodes for acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (acs), and acylamidase (aam) amongst the sable genomes. The wgSNP analysis confirmed the B. melitensis isolated from human was more closely related to the goat from the Western Cape Province from the same outbreak than the B. melitensis cattle sample from different cases in the Gauteng Province. The B. melitensis sable strains could be distinguished from the African lineage, constituting their own African sub-clade. The sequenced B. abortus strains clustered in the C2 lineage that is closely related to the isolates from Mozambique and Zimbabwe. This study identified genetically diverse Brucella spp. among various hosts in SA. This study expands the limited known knowledge regarding the presence of B. melitensis in livestock and humans in SA, further building a foundation for future research on the distribution of the Brucella spp. worldwide and its evolutionary background.

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Whole-Genome Sequencing of Brucella melitensis Isolates from Kuwait for the Identification of Biovars, Variants, and Relationship within a Biovar
Abu Salim Mustafa, Mohd Wasif Khan, Nazima Habibi, Wadha Alfouzan
Medical Principles and Practice.2024; 34(2): 152. CrossRef

In Silico Intensive Analysis for the E4 Gene Evolution of Human Adenovirus Species D: Chanhee Lee, Anyeseu Park, Jeong Yoon Lee; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(5):409-418. Published online April 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00132-1

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Abstract PDF: Adenovirus (Ad) is a ubiquitous pathogen capable of infecting a wide range of animals and humans. Human Adenovirus (HAdV) can cause severe infection, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems. To date, over 110 types of HAdV have been classified into seven species from A to G, with the majority belonging to the human adenovirus species D (HAdV-D). In the HAdV-D, the most significant factor for the creation of new adenovirus types is homologous recombination between viral genes involved in determining the virus tropism or evading immune system of host cells. The E4 gene, consisting of seven Open Reading Frames (ORFs), plays a role in both the regulation of host cell metabolism and the replication of viral genes. Despite long-term studies, the function of each ORF remains unclear. Based on our updated information, ORF2, ORF3, and ORF4 have been identified as regions with relatively high mutations compared to other ORFs in the E4 gene, through the use of in silico comparative analysis. Additionally, we managed to visualize high mutation sections, previously undetectable at the DNA level, through a powerful amino acid sequence analysis tool known as proteotyping. Our research has revealed the involvement of the E4 gene in the evolution of human adenovirus, and has established accurate sequence information of the E4 gene, laying the groundwork for further research.

Review

Genomic Evolution and Recombination Dynamics of Human Adenovirus D Species: Insights from Comprehensive Bioinformatic Analysis: Anyeseu Park, Chanhee Lee, Jeong Yoon Lee; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(5):393-407. Published online March 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00112-5

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Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) can infect various epithelial mucosal cells, ultimately causing different symptoms in infected organ systems. With more than 110 types classified into seven species (A-G), HAdV-D species possess the highest number of viruses and are the fastest proliferating. The emergence of new adenovirus types and increased diversity are driven by homologous recombination (HR) between viral genes, primarily in structural elements such as the penton base, hexon and fiber proteins, and the E1 and E3 regions. A comprehensive analysis of the HAdV genome provides valuable insights into the evolution of human adenoviruses and identifies genes that display high variation across the entire genome to determine recombination patterns. Hypervariable regions within genetic sequences correlate with functional characteristics, thus allowing for adaptation to new environments and hosts. Proteotyping of newly emerging and already established adenoviruses allows for prediction of the characteristics of novel viruses. HAdV-D species evolved in a direction that increased diversity through gene recombination. Bioinformatics analysis across the genome, particularly in highly variable regions, allows for the verification or re-evaluation of recombination patterns in both newly introduced and pre-existing viruses, ultimately aiding in tracing various biological traits such as virus tropism and pathogenesis. Our research does not only assist in predicting the emergence of new adenoviruses but also offers critical guidance in regard to identifying potential regulatory factors of homologous recombination hotspots.

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Relationship between adenovirus infection and intussusception via pathological evidence confirms
Lung-Huang Lin, Chi-Jung Huang, Cheng-Yu Lo, Yu-Hsien Lee, Yung-Chuan Chen
Journal of Clinical Pathology.2025; 78(10): 678. CrossRef
In Silico Intensive Analysis for the E4 Gene Evolution of Human Adenovirus Species D
Chanhee Lee, Anyeseu Park, Jeong Yoon Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(5): 409. CrossRef

Journal Articles

LAMMER Kinase Governs the Expression and Cellular Localization of Gas2, a Key Regulator of Flocculation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Won-Hwa Kang , Yoon-Dong Park , Joo-Yeon Lim , Hee-Moon Park; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(1):21-31. Published online January 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00097-7

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Abstract PDF: It was reported that LAMMER kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe plays an important role in cation-dependent and galactose-specific flocculation. Analogous to other flocculating yeasts, when cell wall extracts of the Δlkh1 strain were treated to the wild-type strain, it displayed flocculation. Gas2, a 1,3-β-glucanosyl transferase, was isolated from the EDTA-extracted cell-surface proteins in the Δlkh1 strain. While disruption of the gas2+ gene was not lethal and reduced the flocculation activity of the Δlkh1 strain, the expression of a secreted form of Gas2, in which the GPI anchor addition sequences had been removed, conferred the ability to flocculate upon the WT strain. The Gas2-mediated flocculation was strongly inhibited by galactose but not by glucose. Immunostaining analysis showed that the cell surface localization of Gas2 was crucial for the flocculation of fission yeast. In addition, we identified the regulation of mbx2+ expression by Lkh1 using RT-qPCR. Taken together, we found that Lkh1 induces asexual flocculation by regulating not only the localization of Gas2 but also the transcription of gas2+ through Mbx2.

Prevalence of Indigenous Antibiotic‑Resistant Salmonella Isolates and Their Application to Explore a Lytic Phage vB_SalS_KFSSM with an Intra‑Broad Specificity: Jaein Choe , Su-Hyeon Kim , Ji Min Han , Jong-Hoon Kim , Mi-Sun Kwak , Do-Won Jeong , Mi-Kyung Park; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(12):1063-1073. Published online January 2, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00098-6

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The consumption of fresh produce has led to increase in antibiotic-resistant (AR) Salmonella outbreaks. In this study, indigenous Salmonella was isolated from a total of two hundred-two samples including fresh produce and agricultural environmental samples in Korea. After biochemical confirmation using the Indole, Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer, Citrate tests, presumable Salmonella isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Identified Salmonella isolates were evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility against twenty-two antibiotics. The specificity and the efficiency of plating (EOP) of vB_SalS_KFSSM were evaluated against fifty-three bacterial strains. Twenty-five suspected Salmonella were isolated and confirmed by the positive
result
for methyl red and citrate, of which ten were identified as Salmonella spp. through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Eight Salmonella isolates (4.0%, n = 8/202) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, among which five were multi-drug resistant. As a lytic phage against Salmonella spp. CMGS-1, vB_SalS_KFSSM was isolated from cow manure. The phage was observed as a tailed phage belonging to the class Caudoviricetes. It exhibited an intra-broad specificity against four indigenous AR Salmonella isolates, two indigenous Salmonella isolates, and five other Salmonella serotypes with great efficiencies (EOP ≥ 0.75). Thus, this study suggested the potential of vB_SalS_KFSSM to combat indigenous AR Salmonella.

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Functional and Genomic Features of a Lytic Salmonella Phage vB_StyS_KFSST1 for Development as New Feed Additive
Su-Hyeon Kim, In Young Choi, Gyu-Sung Cho, Charles M.A.P. Franz, Mi-Kyung Park
Food Science of Animal Resources.2025; 45(4): 1204. CrossRef

Review

Envelope‑Stress Sensing Mechanism of Rcs and Cpx Signaling Pathways in Gram‑Negative Bacteria: Seung-Hyun Cho , Kilian Dekoninck , Jean-Francois Collet; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(3):317-329. Published online March 9, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00030-y

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The global public health burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is intensified by Gram-negative bacteria, which have an additional membrane, the outer membrane (OM), outside of the peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall. Bacterial twocomponent systems (TCSs) aid in maintaining envelope integrity through a phosphorylation cascade by controlling gene expression through sensor kinases and response regulators. In Escherichia coli, the major TCSs defending cells from envelope stress and adaptation are Rcs and Cpx, which are aided by OM lipoproteins RcsF and NlpE as sensors, respectively. In this review, we focus on these two OM sensors. β-Barrel assembly machinery (BAM) inserts transmembrane OM proteins (OMPs) into the OM. BAM co-assembles RcsF, the Rcs sensor, with OMPs, forming the RcsF-OMP complex. Researchers have presented two models for stress sensing in the Rcs pathway. The first model suggests that LPS perturbation stress disassembles the RcsF-OMP complex, freeing RcsF to activate Rcs. The second model proposes that BAM cannot assemble RcsF into OMPs when the OM or PG is under specific stresses, and thus, the unassembled RcsF activates Rcs. These two models may not be mutually exclusive. Here, we evaluate these two models critically in order to elucidate the stress sensing mechanism. NlpE, the Cpx sensor, has an N-terminal (NTD) and a C-terminal domain (CTD). A defect in lipoprotein trafficking
results
in NlpE retention in the inner membrane, provoking the Cpx response. Signaling requires the NlpE NTD, but not the NlpE CTD; however, OM-anchored NlpE senses adherence to a hydrophobic surface, with the NlpE CTD playing a key role in this function.

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Metal-based antimicrobial agents in wound Dressings: Infection management and the challenge of antibiotic resistance
Haoyang Peng, Deqiao Dong, Shiquan Feng, Yueping Guo, Jiaqi Yu, Changran Gan, Xue Hu, Zhenmao Qin, Yan Liu, Yanan Gao
Chemical Engineering Journal.2025; 507: 160726. CrossRef
Bacterial cell wall synthesis and recycling: new antimicrobial targets and vaccine development
Jihyeon Min, Bitnara Kim, Yerim Park, Yongjun Son, Woojun Park
Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Nitazoxanide inhibits pili assembly by targeting BamB to synergize with polymyxin B against drug-resistant Escherichia coli
Wenwen Li, Bingjie Ji, Boyu Li, Minghui Du, Linwei Wang, Jiale Tuo, Hongmei Zhou, Jian Gong, Yongshan Zhao
Biochimie.2025; 233: 47. CrossRef
Complex interplay between gene deletions and the environment uncovers cellular roles for genes of unknown function in Escherichia coli
Kaat Sondervorst, Kristina Nesporova, Matthew Herdman, Bart Steemans, Joëlle Rosseels, Sander K. Govers, Julia Willett
mSystems.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genome-wide characterization of hypothiocyanite stress response in Escherichia coli
Julia D. Meredith, Michael J. Gray, Melissa M. Kendall
Journal of Bacteriology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Terminal complement complexes with or without C9 potentiate antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Evan R. Lamb, Alison K. Criss, Mariagrazia Pizza
mBio.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
RcsB and H-NS Both Contribute to the Repression the Expression of the csgDEFG Operon
Hiroshi Ogasawara, Azusa Tomioka, Yuki Kato
Microorganisms.2025; 13(8): 1829. CrossRef
Transcriptome reveals the role of the htpG gene in mediating antibiotic resistance through cell envelope modulation in Vibrio mimicus SCCF01
Zhenyang Qin, Kun Peng, Yang Feng, Yilin Wang, Bowen Huang, Ziqi Tian, Ping Ouyang, Xiaoli Huang, Defang Chen, Weimin Lai, Yi Geng
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Rcs signal transduction system in Escherichia coli: Composition, related functions, regulatory mechanism, and applications
Zeyu Li, Yingying Zhu, Wenli Zhang, Wanmeng Mu
Microbiological Research.2024; 285: 127783. CrossRef
Identification of genes used by Escherichia coli to mitigate climatic stress conditions
Styliani Roufou, Sholeem Griffin, Lydia Katsini, Monika Polańska, Jan F.M. Van Impe, Panagiotis Alexiou, Vasilis P. Valdramidis
Gene Reports.2024; 36: 101998. CrossRef
The Role of Propionate-Induced Rearrangement of Membrane Proteins in the Formation of the Virulent Phenotype of Crohn’s Disease-Associated Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli
Olga V. Pobeguts, Maria A. Galyamina, Elena V. Mikhalchik, Sergey I. Kovalchuk, Igor P. Smirnov, Alena V. Lee, Lyubov Yu. Filatova, Kirill V. Sikamov, Oleg M. Panasenko, Alexey Yu. Gorbachev
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(18): 10118. CrossRef
CpxAR two-component system contributes to virulence properties of Cronobacter sakazakii
Tong Jin, Xiangjun Zhan, Liuxin Pang, Bo Peng, Xinpeng Zhang, Wenxiu Zhu, Baowei Yang, Xiaodong Xia
Food Microbiology.2024; 117: 104393. CrossRef
Breaking Barriers: Exploiting Envelope Biogenesis and Stress Responses to Develop Novel Antimicrobial Strategies in Gram-Negative Bacteria
Renu Bisht, Pierre D. Charlesworth, Paola Sperandeo, Alessandra Polissi
Pathogens.2024; 13(10): 889. CrossRef
The protective role of potassium in the adaptation of Pseudomonas protegens SN15-2 to hyperosmotic stress
Jian Wang, Yaping Wang, Shouquan Lu, Haibo Lou, XiaoBing Wang, Wei Wang
Microbiological Research.2024; 289: 127887. CrossRef
Bacterial Regulatory Mechanisms for the Control of Cellular Processes: Simple Organisms’ Complex Regulation
Jin-Won Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(3): 273. CrossRef
Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses of Escherichia coli Serotype O157:H7 in Response to Rhamnolipid Treatment
Shuo Yang, Lan Ma, Xiaoqing Xu, Qing Peng, Huiying Zhong, Yuxin Gong, Linbo Shi, Mengxin He, Bo Shi, Yu Qiao
Microorganisms.2023; 11(8): 2112. CrossRef

Journal Articles

The periplasmic chaperone protein Psg_2795 contributes to the virulence of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea: the causal agent of bacterial blight of soybean: Xiuhua Wang , Xiaoyan Zhang , Bao-Hui Lu , Jie Gao; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(5):478-487. Published online March 4, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1469-5

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Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea (Psg, also named P. syringae pv. glycinea and P. amygdali pv. glycinea) is the causative agent of bacterial blight in soybean. The identification of virulence factors is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of Psg. In this study, a mini-Tn5 transposon mutant library of Psg strain PsgNC12 was screened on soybean, and one low-virulent mini-Tn5 mutant, designated as 4573, was identified. Sequence analysis of the 4573-mutant revealed that the mini-Tn5 transposon was inserted in the Psg_2795 gene. Psg_2795 encodes a FimC-domain protein that is highly conserved in Pseudomonas. Further analysis revealed that the mutation and knockout of Psg_2795 results in a reduced virulence phenotype on soybean, decreased motility, weakened bacterial attachment to a glass surface and delayed the population growth within soybean leaves. The phenotype of the 4573-mutant could be complemented nearly to wild-type levels using an intact Psg_2795 gene. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Psg_2795 plays an important role in the virulence, motility, attachment and the population growth of PsgNC12 in soybean. This finding provides a new insight into the function of periplasmic chaperone proteins in a type I pilus and provides reference information for identifying Psg_2795 homologues in P. savastanoi and other bacteria.

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Vt35 antitoxin plays a central regulatory role in virulence of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea on soybean
Viet Tru Nguyen, Nanami Sakata, Takako Ishiga, Giyu Usuki, Yoshiteru Hashimoto, Yasuhiro Ishiga
Journal of General Plant Pathology.2023; 89(4): 211. CrossRef

Meiotic prophase roles of Pds5 in recombination and chromosome condensation in budding yeast: Jeong Hwan Joo , Hyun Ah Kang , Keun Pil Kim , Soogil Hong; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):177-186. Published online February 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1635-9

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Genetic variation in eukaryotes is mediated during meiosis by the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes to produce recombinant chromosomes. Cohesin is essential to promote proper chromosome segregation, chromosome morphogenesis, and recombination in meiotic cells. Cohesin consists of three main subunits–Smc1, Smc3, and the kleisin subunit Mcd1/Scc1 (Rec8 in meiosis)–and cohesin accessory factors. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cohesin regulatory subunit Pds5 plays a role in homolog pairing, meiotic axis formation, and interhomolog recombination. In this study, we examine the prophase functions of Pds5 by performing physical analysis of recombination and three-dimensional high-resolution microscopy analysis to identify its roles in meiosis-specific recombination and chromosome morphogenesis. To investigate whether Pds5 plays a role in mitoticlike recombination, we inhibited Mek1 kinase activity, which
result
ed in switching to sister template bias by Rad51-dependent recombination. Reductions in double-strand breaks and crossover products and defective interhomolog recombination occurred in the absence of Pds5. Furthermore, recombination intermediates, including single-end invasion and double-Holliday junction, were reduced in the absence of Pds5 with Mek1 kinase inactivation compared to Mek1 kinase inactivation cells. Interestingly, the absence of Pds5
result
ed in increasing numbers of chromosomes with hypercompaction of the chromosome axis. Thus, we suggest that Pds5 plays an essential role in recombination by suppressing the pairing of sister chromatids and abnormal compaction of the chromosome axis.

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Recombination-coupled DNA synthesis facilitates post-invasion steps in meiotic crossover and noncrossover formations
Hyungseok Choi, Jun Seo Lee, Jeong H Joo, Soogene Lee, Keun P Kim
Nucleic Acids Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiple Autopolyploid Arabidopsis lyrata Populations Stabilized by Long-Range Adaptive Introgression Across Eurasia
Alison D Scott, Uliana K Kolesnikova, Anna Glushkevich, Laura Steinmann, Nikita P Tikhomirov, Ursula Pfordt, Magdalena Bohutínská, Robin Burns, Alexey P Seregin, Filip Kolar, Roswitha Schmickl, Polina Yu Novikova, Kathryn Hodgins
Molecular Biology and Evolution.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
RPA interacts with Rad52 to promote meiotic crossover and noncrossover recombination
Jeong H Joo, Soogil Hong, Mika T Higashide, Eui-Hwan Choi, Seobin Yoon, Min-Su Lee, Hyun Ah Kang, Akira Shinohara, Nancy Kleckner, Keun P Kim
Nucleic Acids Research.2024; 52(7): 3794. CrossRef
Cohesin is required for meiotic spindle assembly independent of its role in cohesion in C. elegans
Karen P. McNally, Elizabeth A. Beath, Brennan M. Danlasky, Consuelo Barroso, Ting Gong, Wenzhe Li, Enrique Martinez-Perez, Francis J. McNally, Sarit Smolikove
PLOS Genetics.2022; 18(10): e1010136. CrossRef
Yeast polyubiquitin unit regulates synaptonemal complex formation and recombination during meiosis
Min-Kyung Jo, Kiwon Rhee, Keun Pil Kim, Soogil Hong
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(7): 705. CrossRef

Review

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine development: updating clinical studies using platform technologies: Jung-ah Choi , Jae-Ouk Kim; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):238-246. Published online January 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1547-8

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Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a contagious zoonotic virus, causes severe respiratory infection with a case fatality rate of approximately 35% in humans. Intermittent sporadic cases in communities and healthcare facility outbreaks have continued to occur since its first identification in 2012. The World Health Organization has declared MERS-CoV a priority pathogen for worldwide research and vaccine development due to its epidemic potential and the insufficient countermeasures available. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations is supporting vaccine development against emerging diseases, including MERS-CoV, based on platform technologies using DNA, mRNA, viral vector, and protein subunit vaccines. In this paper, we review the usefulness and structure of a spike glycoprotein as a MERSCoV vaccine candidate molecule, and provide an update on the status of MERS-CoV vaccine development. Vaccine candidates based on both DNA and viral vectors coding MERSCoV spike gene have completed early phase clinical trials. A harmonized approach is required to assess the immunogenicity of various candidate vaccine platforms. Platform technologies accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development and can also be applied to developing vaccines against other emerging viral diseases.

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Global research hotspots and trends in DNA vaccine research: A bibliometric and visualization study from 2014 to 2024
Juan Zhang, Haiguo Zhang, Cuicui Yao, Lihua Gu, Shasha Dong, Yamei Wu, Lele Miao
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Journal Articles

Effects of the loss of mismatch repair genes on single-strand annealing between divergent sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Ye-Seul Lim , Ju-Hee Choi , Kyu-Jin Ahn , Min-Ku Kim , Sung-Ho Bae; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(4):401-409. Published online March 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1076-x

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Abstract PDF: Eukaryotic genomes contain many duplicated genes closely located with each other, such as the hexose transporter (HXT) genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They can potentially recombine via single-strand annealing (SSA) pathway. SSA between highly divergent sequences generates heteroduplex DNA intermediates with many mismatches, which can be corrected by mismatch repair (MMR), resulting in recombinant sequences with a single junction point. In this report, we demonstrate that SSA between HXT1 and HXT4 genes in MMR-deficient yeast cells produces recombinant genes with multiple-junctions resulting from alternating HXT1 and HXT4 tracts. The mutations in MMR genes had differential effects on SSA frequencies; msh6Δ mutation significantly stimulated SSA events, whereas msh2Δ and msh3Δ slightly suppressed it. We set up an assay that can identify a pair of recombinant genes derived from a single heteroduplex DNA. As a result, the recombinant genes with multiple-junctions were found to accompany genes with single-junctions. Based on the results presented here, a model was proposed to generate multiple-junctions in SSA pathway involving an alternative short-patch repair system.

Omp16, a conserved peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein, is involved in Brucella virulence in vitro: Feijie Zhi , Dong Zhou , Junmei Li , Lulu Tian , Guangdong Zhang , Yaping Jin , Aihua Wang; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(9):793-804. Published online September 1, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0144-y

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Abstract PDF

Brucella, the bacterial agent of common zoonotic brucellosis, primarily infects specific animal species. The Brucella outer membrane proteins (Omps) are particularly attractive for developing vaccine and improving diagnostic tests and are associated with the virulence of smooth Brucella strains. Omp16 is a homologue to peptidoglycan-associated lipoproteins (Pals), and an omp16 mutant has not been generated in any Brucella strain until now. Very little is known about the functions and pathogenic mechanisms of Omp16 in Brucella. Here, we confirmed that Omp16 has a conserved Pal domain and is highly conserved in Brucella. We attempted to delete omp16 in Brucella suis vaccine strain 2 (B. suis S2) without success, which shows that Omp16 is vital for Brucella survival. We acquired a B. suis S2 Omp16 mutant via conditional complementation. Omp16 deficiency impaired Brucella outer membrane integrity and activity in vitro. Moreover, inactivation of Omp16 decreased bacterial intracellular survival in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. B. suis S2 and its derivatives induced marked expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA in Raw 264.7 cells. Whereas inactivation of Omp16 in Brucella enhanced IL-1β and IL-6 expression in Raw 264.7 cells. Altogether, these findings show that the Brucella Omp16 mutant was obtained via conditional complementation and confirmed that Omp16 can maintain outer membrane integrity and be involved in bacterial virulence in Brucella in vitro and in vivo. These results will be important in uncovering the pathogenic mechanisms of Brucella.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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